Respiratory Disorders

(Infections and Neoplasms)

Ms. Cres P. Quinzon RN MAN
Academic Year 2020-2021
Objectives
● 1. Differentiate between the pathogenesis of Common
cold and Influenza.
● 2. Give the classification of pneumonia and discuss the
etiology of each classification
● 3. Outline the etiology and pathogenesis of tuberculosis.

● 4. Differentiate between primary and reactivated

tuberculosis in terms of causes and pathogenesis.
 01
Common cold
and Influenza
1.Differentiate between the
pathogenesis of Common cold and
Influenza.
 Etiology and Pathogenesis • The “cold viruses” are spread
rapidly from person to person.
Common Cold
• The fingers are the greatest source
Viral infection of the upper respiratory of spread, and the nasal mucosa
tract and conjunctival surface of the
• The rhinoviruses are the eyes are the most common portals
most common cause of colds. for entry of the virus.

• Other viral causes include • Highly contagious during the first

parainfluenza viruses, respiratory 3 days after the onset of
syncytial virus (RSV), human symptoms, and the incubation
metapneumovirus (hMPV), period is approximately 5 days.7
coronaviruses, and adenoviruses.
• Direct contact is more important
than aerosol spread
 Influenza
● one of the most important
causes of acute upper
respiratory tract infection in
human
Etiology and Pathogenesis ● There are three types of
influenza viruses that cause
epidemics in humans: types
A, B, and C.

● is more contagious than

bacterial respiratory tract
infections.
 Virus enters the respiratory tract

Influenza virus first targets and kills mucous-secreting, ciliated, and

other epithelial cells

Leaving holes between the underlying basal cells and

allowing extracellular fluid to escape (“runny nose”)

Bacterial adhesion to epithelial

cells

Pneumonia may result from a

viral pathogenesis or from a
secondary bacterial infection.
 02
Pneumonia
2. Give the classification of
pneumonia and discuss the
etiology of each classification
Pneumonia
describes inflammation of
parenchymal structures of
the lung in the lower
respiratory tract, such as the
alveoli and the bronchioles.
Classification of Pneumonia
Type of
Pneumonia Etiology

• infections from organisms found in the community rather than in

the hospital or nursing home.
Community- • begins outside the hospital or is diagnosed within 48 hours after
Acquired admission to the hospital in a person who has not resided in a
long-term care facility for 14 days or more before admission
• The most common cause of infection in all categories is S. pneumoniae

• Usually, infections occurring 48 hours or more after admission

Hospital-Acquired • P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, Enterobacter species, Klebsiella species,
Escherichia coli, and Serratia species
Classification of Pneumonia
Type of
Pneumonia Etiology
• S.aureus, Aspergillus, gram-negative bacilli, and
Immunocompromis Candida
• those who have undergone bone marrow or organ
ed
transplantation, people with solid organ or hematologic cancers,
and those on corticosteroid and other immunosuppressant drugs.
 03
Tuberculosis
3. Outline the etiology and
pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
Etiology

Tuberculosis is an infectious
disease caused by
M. tuberculosis, a rod-shaped, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
aerobic bacterium hominis is an airborne
that is resistant to destruction infection spread by minute,
and can persist in invisible particles, called
necrotic and calcified lesions for droplet nuclei.
prolonged periods
and remain capable of
reinstating growth.
 a cell mediated immune
response is initiated which
Some bacilli are
Inhaled droplet nuclei controls the multiplication
phagocytosed by
deposit in the alveoli but does not kill them
macrophages
Ghon focus is formed
(granulomatous lesions of
the lungs)

If immune mechanisms Ghon complex undergoes

Ghon complex (Ghon
decline or fail, has the healing, shrinkage,
focus + lymph node
potential to develop into fibrous scarring, and
granuloma)
secondary tuberculosis. calcification

Pathogenesis
 Ghon’s Focus-
Ghon’s Complex lesion
 04
Primary and Reactivated
Tuberculosis
4. Differentiate between primary and
reactivated tuberculosis in terms of
causes and pathogenesis
 Prima
ry T B
develo
ps
previou in
s
unexpo ly
s ed
people

Reac
tiva
repres ted TB
e
reinfe nts either
ct
inhale ion from
nucle d drop
i o r re let
of a p ac t iv
reviou ation
heale s
d prim ly
lesion ary
.
 Thanks!
Any
Questions?
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