Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Management
12
PowerPoint presentation to accompany
Heizer, Render, Munson
Operations Management, Twelfth Edition
Principles of Operations Management, Tenth Edition
Cycle time
95% 5%
Input Wait for Wait to Move Wait in queue Setup Run Output
inspection be moved time for operator time time
Figure 12.1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percentage of inventory items
(maximum Q
inventory
level) 2
Minimum
inventory 0
Time
Total cost of
holding and
setup (order)
Minimum
total cost
Annual cost
Holding cost
Order quantity
= (Holding cost per unit per year)
2
æQ ö
= ç ÷H
è2 ø
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Minimizing Costs D
Annual setup cost = S
Q
Q
Q = Number of pieces per order Annual holding cost =
2
H
Q* = Optimal number of pieces per order (EOQ)
D = Annual demand in units for the inventory item
S = Setup or ordering cost for each order
H = Holding or carrying cost per unit per year
*2DS
Q =
H
*2(1,000)(10)
Q = = 40,000 =200 units
0.50
Expected Demand D
number of = N = = *
orders Order quantity Q
1,000
N= = 5 orders per year
200
250
T= = 50 days between orders
5
D Q
TC = S + H
Q 2
1,000 200
= ($10) + ($.50)
200 2
=(5)($10) + (100)($.50)
=$50 +$50 =$100
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The EOQ Model
When including actual cost of material P
D Q
TC = S + H + PD
Q 2
ROP = d x L
d= D
Number of working days in a year
Q*
Stock is replenished as order arrives
Inventory level (units)
Slope = units/day = d
ROP
(units)
Time (days)
Lead time = L
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Reorder Point Example
Demand = 8,000 iPhones per year
250 working day year
Lead time for orders is 3 working days, may take 4
D
d=
Number of working days in a year
= 8,000/250 = 32 units
ROP = d x L
= 32 units per day x 3 days = 96 units
= 32 units per day x 4 days = 128 units
t Time
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Production Order Quantity Model
Q = Number of units per order p = Daily production rate
H = Holding cost per unit per year d = Daily demand/usage rate
t = Length of the production run in days
= pt – dt
= pt – dt
However, Q = total produced = pt ; thus t = Q/p
Maximum Q Q d
inventory level =p p –d p =Q 1–
p
2DS
Q *p =
Hé
ë1- d (
p ù
û )
2(1,000)(10)
Q *p =
0.50é ù
ë1- (4 8)û
20,000
= = 80,000
0.50(1 2)
=282.8 hubcaps, or 283 hubcaps
2DS
Q*p =
æ Annual demand rate ö
H ç1- ÷
è Annual production rate ø
D Q
TC = S + IP + PD
Q 2
2DS
Q* =
IP
TC for Discount 1
530,000 –
Not Feasible TC for Discount 2
520,053 –
517,155 –
Feasible
510,000 –
Not Feasible
Possible Order
500,000 – Quantities
120 1,500
Order Quantity
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Quantity Discount Example
Calculate Q* for every discount *2DS
Q =
starting with the lowest price IP
2(5,200)($200)
Q$96* = = 278 drones/order
(.28)($96)
Infeasible – calculate Q*
for next-higher price
2(5,200)($200)
Q$98* = = 275 drones/order
(.28)($98)
Feasible
ROP = d x L + ss
30 .2
40 .2
ROP 50 .3
60 .2
70 .1
1.0
20 (20)($5) = $0
$100 $100
(10)($5) = $
10 (10)(.1)($40)(6) = $240
50 $290
0 $ 0 (10)(.2)($40)(6) + (20)(.1)($40)(6) =
$960 $960
ROP
Normal distribution probability of
demand during lead time
Expected demand during lead time (350 kits)
Cs
Service level =
Cs + Co
Q4
Q2
On-hand inventory
Q1 P
Q3
Time
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Fixed-Period Systems
▶ Inventory is only counted at each
review period
▶ May be scheduled at convenient times
▶ Appropriate in routine situations
▶ May result in stockouts between
periods
▶ May require increased safety stock