Professional Documents
Culture Documents
15 -
1
Promotion Most effective tool for
building buyers’
Tools
Advertising
preferences, convictions,
and actions
Personal interaction
Personal allows for feedback and
adjustments
Selling Relationship-oriented
Sales Promotion Buyers are more
attentive
Public Relations Sales force represents a
Direct Marketing long-term commitment
Most expensive of the
promotional tools
15 -
2
May be targeted at the
Promotion trade or ultimate
consumer
Tools
Advertising
Makes use of a variety of
formats: premiums,
Personal Selling coupons, contests, etc.
Attracts attention, offers
Sales strong purchase
incentives, dramatizes
Promotion offers, boosts sagging
sales
Public Relations Stimulates quick
Direct Marketing response
Short-lived
Not effective at building
long-term brand
preferences
15 -
3
Promotion Highly credible
Many forms: news
Tools
Advertising
stories, news features,
events and
Personal Selling sponsorships, etc.
Reaches many
Sales prospects missed via
Promotion other forms of
promotion
Public Dramatizes company
Relations
or benefits
Often the most
Direct underused element in
Marketing the promotional mix
15 -
4
Many forms:
Promotion Telephone marketing,
direct mail, online
Tools
Advertising marketing, etc.
Four distinctive
Personal Selling characteristics:
Sales › Nonpublic
Promotion › Immediate
Public Relations › Customized
› Interactive
Direct Well-suited to highly
Marketing targeted marketing
efforts
( If IMC is referred)
15 -
5
Promotion Mix Strategies
› Push strategy: trade promotions and
personal selling efforts push the
product through the distribution
channels.
15 -
6
Checklist: Integrating the Promotion
Mix
› Analyze trends (internal and external)
› Audit communications spending
› Identify all points of contact
› Team up in communications planning
› Make all communication elements
compatible
› Create performance measures
› Appoint an IMC manager
15 -
7
Advertising and Sales Promotion
› Avoid false and deceptive advertising
15 -
8
Personal Selling
› Salespeople must follow the rules of
“fair competition”
› Three day cooling-off rule protects
ultimate consumers from high
pressure tactics
› Business-to-business selling
Bribery, industrial espionage, and
making false and disparaging statements
about a competitor are forbidden
15 -
9
15 -
10
Building good relations with the company’s
various publics by obtaining favorable
publicity, building up a good “corporate
image” and handling or heading off
unfavorable rumors, stories and events.
Major functions are:
› Press Relations
› Product Publicity
› Public Affairs
› Lobbying
› Investor Relations
› Development
Definition
“Public Relations in the management
function which evaluates public attitudes,
identifies the policies and procedures of an
individual or an organization to with the
public Definition cont.
interest, and executes a program of action
to earn public understanding and
acceptance.”
American Association of Advertising
Agencies
mpany’s Various Publics
Executes
Executesprograms
programs
Evaluates
Evaluates public
public to
togain
gainpublic
public
attitudes
attitudes acceptance
acceptance
Identifies
Identifiesissues
issuesof
of
public
publicconcern
concern
Chap. 15 Marketing 7e
Lamb Hair McDaniel
14 ©2004 South-
Western/Thomson
5
Press
Press Relations
Relations
Product
Product Publicity
Publicity
Corporate
Corporate Communication
Communication
Public
Public Affairs
Affairs
Lobbying
Lobbying
Employee
Employee and
and Investor
Investor Relations
Relations
Crisis
Crisis Management
Management
Chap. 15 Marketing 7e
Lamb Hair McDaniel
15 ©2004 South-
Western/Thomson
Major
Major Public
Public Relations
Relations Tools
Tools
Web
Web Site
Site
Public
Public
Service
Service News
News
Activities
Activities
Corporate
Corporate
Identity
Identity
Materials Speeches
Speeches
Materials
Audiovisual
Audiovisual Special
Special
Materials
Materials Events
Events
Written
Written
Materials
Materials
Click
Majorto
Major
Click to add
add title
Public
Public Relations
Relations Decisions
title Decisions
Setting
Setting Public
Public Relations
Relations Objectives
Objectives
Choosing
Choosing the
the Public
Public Relations
Relations Messages
Messages
and
and Vehicles
Vehicles
Implementing
Implementing the
the Public
Public Relations
Relations Plan
Plan
Evaluating
Evaluating Public
Public Relations
Relations Results
Results
What is the biggest obstacle to
marketing communications program?
Take a position:
1. The biggest obstacle to effective promotion
mix is a lack of agency coordination
across communication units.
1. 2. The biggest obstacle to effective promotion
mix is a lack of understanding as to how to
optimally design and evaluate such
programs.
17-18
Pick a Brand and go to the Web site
Locate as many forms of
communication as you can find.
Conduct an informal communication
audit. What do you notice? How
consistent are the different
communications?
17-19
School
Public
Relations
The surest way to
kill a bad
product is to
advertise it.
Mike Flynn, Darcy Advertising
Public Relations Not simply
publicity!!
Public Relations
is an ongoing program…..
Public Relations
The
Principal
…takes a leadership role
…refines and disseminates school news
…develops positive relationships with media
…establishes open lines of communication
with community
…formulates plans and policies
Public Relations
The Principal
understands the
dynamics of…
The Principal
understands the
dynamics of…
Factor
…warmth s
…acceptance
…tolerance
…understanding
…cooperative
…objective rather than emotional
Public Relations
Creating
a
PR Plan
Most public relations efforts
have as much impact on
school/district performance
as a rain dance has
on the weather
Creating a Public Relations Plan
Do
Dothese
thesesound
soundfamiliar?
familiar?
1. We notified everybody. We
sent a letter/memo out.
2. We tried some PR. We mailed
a press release Press kit.
3. Communication? Our newsletter
goes to over 50,000 people.
4. Publicity? Let’s do a public
service announcement.
5. Marketing: We’ve distributed
over one Kazillion brochures!
Effective marketing
is really applied
common sense
RACE
Research
Analysis & Planning
Communication = RESULTS
Evaluation
Creating a Public Relations Plan
Research
Questions to ask…
What makes your school unique?
How do people find out about your school?
Do people perceive your school differently than you
perceive your school? Why?
Why do parents/students choose your school,
programs? Why do they choose your competitor?
What are the values, lifestyles, interests of your
customers? What to they do for a living? Educational
level? Are they happy? Disappointed?
Who are you communicating with the most? Who
should you be communicating and relating with more?
Who is critical to your success? Why? How close are
you to them?
Creating a Public Relations Plan
Analysis
&
Planning
Focus is the secret
ingredient in
virtually every
successful
marketing plan
Trout & Ries, Bottom-Up Marketing
Analyze data generated from
questions or other collection
instruments and develop a
plan
GOAL: To impact attitude, opinion,
behavior or action
FOCUS ON WHAT THE CUSTOMER
(Parents, Community etc.) VALUES
IMPLEMENT STRATEGY: Best way to reach,
move, influence target audience
Creating a Public Relations Plan
Communication
Hierarchy of Effective Communication
Evaluation
Ask….
Who are we reaching now?
Using what tools/channels of communication?
What should we be emphasizing more?
What is the best way to reach our target
audience?
What has been most effective in the past?
Why?
What new avenues should we explore?
What resources do we have?
What free help can we get?
Who can we collaborate with?
Avoid
Not using data in making decisions
Not reporting information; or not
developing reports that encourage
other to use information
Misinformation
Forgetting to tell people how to use
the information you collect or
discover
Public Relations
Summary
Public Relations
Essentials
Effective PR & Marketing means building
relationships
It is better to have many people involved in
your PR plan, understanding that efficiency
may suffer some, than to have one person do
everything perfectly
If your PR & Marketing program isn’t tied to
your organization’s critical issues, you are
going about it the wrong way
The best way to kill a bad product is to
advertise it
Public relations and sponsorship
Public relations defined
Figure 19.1
PR - marketing and corporate
Marketing PR:
• Long-term strategic image building,
developing credibility, raising the
organisation’s profile, and enhancing
other marketing activities.
Corporate PR:
• Long-term relationship building
strategy with various publics.
PR techniques
Figure 19.2
Publicity versus advertising
Advantages of publicity over advertising:
• Credibility - advertising is paid for
whilst publicity is seen as free.
• Reach - PR can achieve an incredible
level of reach.
• Excitement - Publicity is about news
and can generate its own excitement.
• Advertising.
• Publications.
• Lobbying.
Internal communication used for PR
• Briefings.
Evaluating public relations
Figure 19.3
Corporate reputation
Fombrun, 2000
Perceived corporate reputation:
stakeholders’
Figure 19.4
Source: based on ‘the value to be found in Corporate Reputation’ Financial Times 4th Dec., Fombrun
(2000).
Five principles to corporate
reputation management
(Fombrun, 2000)
• Distinctiveness.
• Focus.
• Consistency.
• Identity.
• Transparency.
Corporate identity
Figure 19.5
The change process
Figure 19.6
Reasons for failure
Figure 19.7
Sponsorship
• Sport.
• Broadcast.
• Arts.
• Cause related.
Role of sponsorship
Figure 19.8
Sponsorship evaluation methods
15 - 90
What is Ambush
Marketing?
• Generally defined as:
• marketing and promotional activities
that:
– seek an association with a sponsored
event
• without the authorization or consent of the
organizer of the event or sponsor, and
• without paying the requisite fee
ambush marketing?
• Goal:
– to misappropriate or capitalize on the goodwill and
popularity of the sponsored event
– intentionally confuse the public into thinking that the
ambush marketer is the official sponsor of the event
•to deflect some attention away from the competing
sponsors
•to reduce the effectiveness of their communication
while also undermining the value and the quality of the
sponsorship opportunity that was sold
Ambush Marketing?
• The result:
– consumers may be confused as to who is the
official sponsor of the event
– ambush marketing may impact negatively on
sponsorship rights
• Therefore:
– sponsors seek some guarantee from the
organizer of the event that offenders will be
pursued (in the sponsorship agreement)
Forms ambush
marketing
• Simultaneous promotions (for example:
sample/free product distribution at
sponsored event, billboard advertising or
flying blimp with advertiser’s mark over
venue)
• Purchase of sub-category rights (for
example: broadcast rights purchased
from a TV network from marketers who
are not official sponsors of the event for
the duration of the sponsored event)
Laws: How did it work?
15 - 98
What
What is
is Sales
Sales Promotion?
Promotion?
• Mass communication technique that offers
short-term incentives to encourage purchase
or sales of a goods or service.
1) Consumer Promotion, 2)Trade Promotion
and 3)Sales force Promotion ( Three Target
groups)
• Rapid growth in the industry has been
achieved because:
– Product managers are facing more pressure
to increase their current sales,
– Companies face more competition,
– Advertising efficiency has declined,
– Consumers have become more deal
oriented.
Consumer - Promotion Tools
Short-Term Incentives to Encourage Purchase
or Sales of a Product or Service.
Consumer- Consumer-
Promotion Promotion Tools
Entice Consumers to
Objectives
Entice
Try a
Consumers
New Product
to
Try a New Product
Samples
Samples
Advertising
Advertising
Specialties
Lure Specialties
LureCustomers
CustomersAway
Away Coupons
Coupons Patronage
Patronage
From
FromCompetitors’
Competitors’Products
Products Patronage
Rewards
Rewards
Rewards
Get
GetConsumers
Consumersto to“Load
“LoadUp’
Up’ Cash
CashRefunds
Refunds
on a Mature Product
on a Mature Product Contests
Contests
Hold
Hold&&Reward
Reward Loyal
Loyal Price
PricePacks
Packs
Customers Sweepstakes
Sweepstakes
Customers
Consumer
ConsumerRelationship
Relationship Premiums Games
Building Premiums Games
Building
Point-of-Purchase
Point-of-Purchase
Displays
Displays
Trade
Trade -- Promotion
Promotion Tools
Tools
Short-Term Incentives That are Directed to
Retailers and Wholesalers.
Trade-Promotion Trade-Promotion
Objectives Tools
Persuade
PersuadeRetailers
Retailersor
or
Wholesalers to Carry a Brand Price-Offs
Price-Offs Premiums
Wholesalers to Carry a Brand Premiums
Give
GiveaaBrand
BrandShelf
ShelfSpace
Space Allowances
Allowances Patronage
Displays
Patronage
Rewards
Rewards
Promote
PromoteaaBrand
Brandin
in Buy-Back
Advertising Buy-Back Discounts
Advertising Guarantees Discounts
Guarantees
Push
PushaaBrand
Brandto
toConsumers
Consumers Push
PushMoney
Money
Free
FreeGoods
Goods
Specialty
Specialty
Contests Advertising
Advertising
Contests Items
Items
Business
Business -- Promotion
Promotion Tools
Tools
Short-Term Incentives That are Directed to
Industrial Customers.
Business- Business-
Promotion Promotion Tools
Objectives
Generate
Generate Business
BusinessLeads
Leads Conventions
Conventions
Stimulate
StimulatePurchases
Purchases Trade
TradeShows
Shows
Reward
RewardCustomers
Customers Sales
SalesContests
Contests
Motivate
MotivateSalespeople
Salespeople
Sales-force Promotion
:
15 - 103
Developing
Developing the
the Sales
Sales Promotion
Promotion
Program
Program
Decide
Decide on
on the
the Size
Size of
of the
the Incentive
Incentive
Set
Set Conditions
Conditions for
for Participation
Participation
Determine
Determine How
How to
to Promote
Promote and
and
Distribute
Distribute the
the Promotion
Promotion Program
Program
Determine
Determine the
the Length
Length of
of the
the Program
Program
Evaluate
Evaluate the
the Program
Program
Sales Promotions
Price-off deals
Frequency programs
Event marketing
Objectives of Consumer-
Oriented Sales Promotion
To Obtain Trial and Repurchase
To Increase Consumption of an
Established Brand
To Defend (Maintain) Current
Customers
To Target a Specific Segment
Enhance IMC programs and build
brand equity
Advantages and Limitations of
Coupons
Advantages: Disadvantages
• Appeal to price • Difficult to determine
sensitive consumer how many consumers
• Can offer price break will use coupons and
without retailers coop when
• Can be effective way • Coupons are often used
by loyal consumers who
to induce trial of new of may purchase anyway
existing products
• Declining redemption
• Can be a way to defend
rates and high costs of
market share and couponing
encourage repurchase • Misredemption and
fraud
Distribution of Coupons
Through ads, DM / press / on-pack and also by the scanner to
competitive brand users
Coupon ads should -
– Reinforce the positioning - highlight brand strength and key benefits
emphasised in the ad
– Be convenient to clip, show package prominently and have the
mandatory legal copy
• Placed in /on pack to build repeat purchase & loyalty
• Placed on other products ‘Cross-ruff’ to attract new
customers
• DM coupons are more targeted, have higher redemption
• Scanner dispensed coupons attract other brand users
• Cash rebates (on durables) – on proof of purchase
Coupon Fraud
Consumers redeem without
purchase
Clerks and staff exchange for
cash
Managers/owners redeem
without sale
Criminals collect or counterfeit
and sell
Coupon Trends
Major companies cutting back on
use of coupons
Searching for more effective
coupon techniques
More use of internet for
distribution
Sampling
Providing consumer with some
quantity of a product for no charge
to induce trial
Sampling works best when:
The products are of relatively low unit value, so
samples don’t cost much
The purchase cycle is relatively short so the
consumer can purchase in a relatively short time
period
The products are divisible and can be broken
into small sizes that can reflect the products
features and benefits
There is enough quantity for the consumer to
try a product, (but keep packaging & mailing
expenses down)
Sampling Methods
Door-to-door
Direct mail
In-store sampling
Cross-product sampling
With newspaper or magazine
Through the internet
Sampling is more effective after an introductory
set of ads giving a toll free number to call for
samples
Premiums
Premium – an offer of an item of
merchandise
or service either free or at a low
cost that
• Two types of premiums: (in pack / mailed on
isproof
an extra incentive
of purchase for customers
at no cost)
Free premiums -
only require purchase of the product
Self-liquidating premiums -
require consumer to pay some or all of the cost of the
premium
• Reinforces brand image
• Builds repeat purchase / brand loyalty
Contests and Sweepstakes
Ingredient-sponsored cooperative
advertising
Same market
Maintain We lose
share, profits
Promotions market share
stay low
All Others
13-140
The New Direct-Marketing Model
13-144
Forms of Direct Marketing
13-145
Direct-Mail Marketing
• Involves sending an offer,
announcement, reminder, or other
item to a person at a particular
address.
• Accounts for a high proportion of
direct-marketing sales.
• Permits high target-market selectivity.
• Personal and flexible.
• Easy to measure results.
13-146
Catalog Marketing
• With the Internet, more and more
catalogs going electronic.
• Print catalogs still the primary
medium.
• Harder to attract new customers with
Internet catalogs.
13-147
Direct-Response TV Marketing
Direct-Response Advertising
Infomercials
13-148
Integrated Direct-Marketing
13-149
Public Policy and Ethical Issues in
Direct Marketing
Irritation to Consumers
Deception, Fraud
Invasion of Privacy
13-150
Direct Marketing
End
15 - 151