SYNTHETIC DRUGS,

ANTIBIOTICS &
VACCINES
BY: ASWWINYY A/P MARIMUTHU
ID: 1103161013
SYNTHETIC DRUGS
 created using man-made chemicals rather than
natural ingredients
 Chemical structures are likely-to be same to naturally-
occurring drugs
 Preventing unwanted side effects from the naturally-
occurring drugs
 EXAMPLES

 Quinine: 
 Used to treat malaria
 synthesized from cinchona bark
 Digoxin: 
 Used to treat heart conditions
 derived from foxglove
Diacetylmorphine: 
 also known as "heroin”
 Was sold as a non-addictive substitute for the
naturally occurring morphine found in poppy plants
Aspirin:
 Also known as acetylsalicylic acid,
 an artificial reproduction of salicin, which is found
in willow bark
ASPIRIN
 Aspirin was first discovered NSAID.
 NSAID stands for Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug.
 NSAIDs are medications with analgesic
 NSAIDs are generally non-narcotic(do not cause insensibility or stupor).
 The most prominent NSAIDs are aspirin, ibuprofen and naproxen-mainly because most of
them are OTC(over-the-counter, no prescription required)medications.

 Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is a salicylate drug

 used as an analgesic for minor aches and pains ,to reduce fever (an antipyretic)
 Used as an anti-inflammatory drug.
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

 Density : 1.40 g/cm3

 Melting Point : 135 °C

 Boiling Point : 140 °C

 Solubility in Water : 1 g/100g at 37 °C

 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

a weak acid with an acid dissociation constant, Ka=3.2×10−4

 slowly decomposes by hydrolysis into acetic and salicylic acids in
the aqueous medium.
 hydrolysis of acetylsalicylic acid is accelerated in solutions of
ammonium acetate, or acetatates, carbonates, citrates, or
hydroxides of the alkali metals
 Reactants:
Solid ASA is washed
Acetic anhydride,
with distilled H22O
Toluene, Salicylic acid

Pure acetyl salicylic Dried by a current of

acid is produced. warm air at 60-70oC

Mixture removed through

filtration Added to the reactor.
-Filtrate(liquid Heat mixture T=88-
form)#recycle 92oC for 20 hours
-Solid form

Transferred to cooling Excess acetic

tanks for 3-4 days
-precipitates large crystals
anhydride
-reach room temperature decomposes with H2O
ANTIBIOTICS
 Known as ‘ANTI-BACTERIAL’
 chemical substances that can inhibit and even destroy
the growth of harmful microorganisms
 Large scale production(fermentation process)
 Derived from special microorganisms
 They differ chemically
 Differ in the type of infection they cure
 Two ways antibiotics damage the cell wall of the
bacteria:
 By weakening the cell wall of the bacteria which leads
them to burst
 Contents of the bacteria to leak out by damaging the
cell membrane
 Function: interfering with bacteria’s metabolism
 USES

 used to treat or prevent- bacterial infections.

 used in many forms
 imposes different manufacturing requirements.
 bacterial infections(skin surface, eye, or ear)
 may be applied as an ointment or cream
 Internal infection
 can be swallowed or injected directly into the body.
 delivered throughout the body by absorption into the bloodstream.
 CHARACTERISTICS

 should be eliminated from the body.

 should not produce adverse and side effects.
 Inhibit or abolish the growth of micro-organisms.
 highly effective in low concentrations.
 Able to reach the part of the human body where the infection
occurring.
 Chemically-stable
 EXAMPLES

 Penicillins : penicillin and amoxicillin

 Cephalosporins : cephalexin (Keflex)

 Macrolides : erythromycin (E-Mycin), clarithromycin (Biaxin), and

azithromycin (Zithromax)

 Fluoroquinolones : ofloxacin (Cipro), levofloxacin (Levaquin), and ofloxacin

(Floxin)
VACCINES
 A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a
particular disease.
 A vaccine typically contains an agent that similar to a disease-causing
microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of
the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins.
 The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the
agent as foreign, destroy it, and "remember" it, so that the immune
system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these
microorganisms that it later encounters.
 TYPES

 All vaccines contain an active component (the antigen) which generates the protective
immune response. Vaccines may also contain additional components. The body
responds to the shapes of these antigens, which are very specific. Other ingredients
vary depending on both the manufacturing process and the nature of the antigen.
These are the classification of vaccines:
 Live attenuated vaccines: chicken pox and yellow fever vaccines.
 Inactivated vaccines: Heterologous vaccines.
 Subunit vaccines: Toxoids, Polysaccharide vaccines, Conjugate vaccines.
SAFETY, HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT
ASPECTS
 SYNTHETIC DRUG ANTIBIOTICS VACCINES
SAFETY ASPECT  For drug, take each  Taking it inappropriately
medication exactly as it may increase resistance of
has been prescribed. the harmful bacteria
 Don’t change your present in your body to
medication dose or the drugs.
schedule without talking   Always finish the entire
with your doctor. course of antibiotics you
 Don’t use medication receive.
prescribed for someone
else.

HEALTH ASPECT  Side effects of aspirin  Antibiotics are safe if used Eg: a sore arm or low-grade
involving appropriately fever can go away within a
gastrointestinal system  Could be notorious side few days.
effects which are
intolerable
Environmental Aspect Synthetic drugs Antibiotics
 Aspirin-the creation of  may have qualitative and
millions of aspirin quantitative effects upon
requires energy and the resident microbial
releases pollution. community of sediments
 About 100+ billion aspirin  in arid regions,
are made a year, proving wastewater containing
how the amount of resistant bacteria and
resources and trees cut to antibiotics is used for
produce aspirin is vast. irrigation, and sewage
sludge serves as a
fertilizer -enter the food
chain directly
Vaccines
 In 2006, vaccine
manufacturer Merck was
responsible for illegally
discharging 25 gallons of
a cyanide-containing
chemical known as
potassium thiocyanate
from its vaccine research
pilot plant in Philadelphia
into a sewer.1 2
Consequently, the
discharge entered a
wastewater treatment
plant, reacted with
chlorine and emerged in
the Wissahickon Creek
killing 1,000 fish.
 ECONOMIC IMPACT

1) Antibiotics form roughly more then half in value of the drug sold in the
Indian market.
2) A wide range of synthetic drug is being produced in large quantities.
• Manufacturing capacity of 560 tons per year has been established by
manufacturers in Maharashtra
• Additional annual production of 150 tons is also planned in the public
sector.
INDIA need apptoximately:
 diphtheria antitoxin, 4000 mega units, tetanus antitoxin 30000 mega
units, triple vaccine 20 million doses, BCG vaccine 60 million doses, polio
oral vaccine 20 million units and insulin 1400 mega units.