CHHATTISGARH DENTAL COLLEGE & RESEARCH

INSTITUTE,SUNDRA,RAJNANDGAON(C.G.)

PROJECTION GEOMETRY
GUIDED BY-
PRESENTED BY- Dr. ABHIJEET DEOGHARE
VISHAL CHANDRA TIWARY HOD & PROFF (MDS)
ROLL NO. 1511305 Dr. CHINAR FATING (MDS)
BATCH - H Dr. SATYENDRA JHA (MDS)
BDS FINAL YEAR Dr. ROHIT BIRANJAN(MDS),
2017-2018 DEPT. OF ORAL MEDICINE DIAGNOSIS AND
RADIOLOGY
 CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• X-RAY TUBE
• PRINCIPLES OF PROJECTION GEOMETRY
• IMAGE SHAREPENESS AND RESOLUTION
• THREE WAYS TO MAXIMISE IMAGE SHARPNESS
• IMAGE SIZE DISTORTION
• IMAGE SHAPE DISTORTION
• TWO MEANS TO MINIMISE SHAPE DISTORTION
• BISECTING ANGLE TECHNIQUE
• PARALLELING TECHNIQUE
• OBJECT LOCALIZATION
• EGG SHELL EFFECT
• EXPANDED CORTEX
 INTRODUCTION

PROJECTION – PRESENTATION OF IMAGE ON A SURFACE.

GEOMETRY - SHAPE AND RELATIVE ARRANGEMENT OF PARTS.

PROJECTION GEOMETRY PERTAINS TO THE SOURCE OF THE X-RAY BEAM

AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE X-RAY BEAM, THE STRUCTURE BEING
RADIOGRAPHED AND THE POSITION OF THE X-RAY FILM.
X-RAY TUBE
PRINCIPLES
1. THE FOCAL SOPT (SOURCE OF RADIATION) SHOULD BE SMALL AS
POSSIBLE.

2. THE SOURCE TOOTH(OBJECT) DISTANCE SHOULD BE AS LONG AS POSSIBLE .

3. THE TOOTH-FILM DISTANCE SHOULD BE AS SMALL AS POSSIBLE.

4. THE LONG AXIS OF TOOTH AND FILM PLANES SHOULD BE PARALLEL.

5. THE X-RAY BEAM SHOULD BE PERPENDICULAR(90DEGREE) TO TOOTH AND

FILM PLANE.

6.THERE SOULD BE NO MOVEMENT OF TUBE,FILM OR THE PATIENT.

IMAGE SHARPNESS AND
RESOLUTION
 Sharpness: how well a boundary between two areas of
differing radiodensity is revealed.

 Image Resolution: how well a radiograph is able to

reveal small objects that are close together.
 x rays are produced at the target in an x-ray tube

originate from different points within the area of focal

spot and travel in straight lines,

their projections of a feature of an object do not

occur at exactly the same location on an image
receptor.

image of the edge of an object is slightly blurred rather

than sharp
PHOTONS ORIGINATING
AT DIFFERENT PLACES
ON THE FOCAL SPOT
RESULTS IN PENUMBRA,
OR ZONE OF
UNSHARPNESS, ON THE
RADIOGRAPH.
 There are three means to maximize
image sharpness

1. Use as small an effective focal spot as practical.

2.Increase the distance between the focal spot and the object by using a long
open-ended cylinder.

3.Minimize the distance between the object and the image receptor.
1. Use as small an effective focal spot as
practical
2. Increase
the distance
between the
focal spot
and the
object by
using a
long, open-
ended
cylinder
3.Minimize the distance between the object
and the image receptor
IMAGE SIZE DISTORTION

 Image size distortion (magnification) is increase in size of the

image on radiograph compare with the actual size of the
object.

 Increasing the focal spot-to-image receptor distance and

decreasing the object-to-image receptor distance minimizes
image magnification .

 The use of a long, open-ended cylinder as an aiming device

on an x-ray machine thus reduces the magnification of
images on a periapical view.
IMAGE SHAPE DISTORTION

 This situation arises when not all the parts of an object are
at the same focal spot-to-object distance.

 Such a phenomenon is seen by the differences in appearance of

the image on a radiograph compared with the true shape.
 There are two
means to minimize
shape distortion
1. Position the image receptor parallel to the
long axis of the object

 A) the central ray

of the x-ray beam is
perpendicular to
the imge receptor,
but the object is
not parallel to the
image receptor.
This type of shape
distortion is
 called fore-
shortening
 B) the x-ray
beam is
oriented at
right angles
to the
object but
not to the
image
 receptor;
this results
2. Orient the central ray perpendicular to
the object and image receptor

• Image shape distortion occurs if the object and

image receptor are parallel, but the central ray
is not directed at right angles . This type of
distortion is most evident on maxillary molar
views
BISECTING-ANGLE TECHNIQUES
ANGULATION GUIDELINES
FOR BISECTING ANGLE
PROJECTIONS
PROJECTION MAXILLA MANDIBLE
INCISORS +40degree -15degree
CANINES +45degree -20degree
PREMOLARS +30degree -10degree
MOLARS +20degree -5degree
PARALLELING
TECHNIQUES
Difference between parallel angle and
bisecting angle
 OBJECT LOCALIZATION

 The dentist may wish to use radiographs to determine the

location of a foreign object or an impacted tooth within
the jaw.

 Three methods are frequently used to obtain such three-

dimensional information.
The first is to examine two images
projected at right angles to each other.
The second method is to use the tube-shift technique
employing conventional periapical views. BUCCAL OBJET
RULE / CLARK’ S RULE /( SLOB )
 cone-beam imaging has provided a new
tool for obtaining three- dimensional
information.
 The position of the maxillary zygomatic process in relation to the
roots of the molars can help in identifying the orientation of views.
 EGG SHELL EFFECT
 The top photon has a tangential path through the apex of the egg
and a much longer path through the shell of the egg

 lower photon, which strikes the egg at right angles to the surface
and travels through two thicknesses of the shell.
 EXPENDED COTEX

 The periphery of the expanded cortex is more opaque than the region
inside the expanded border.

 The cortical bone is not thicker on the cortex than over the rest of the
lesion, but rather the x-ray beam is more attenuated in this region
because of the longer path length of photons through the bony cortex
on the periphery.
EXPANDED CORTEX
 REFERENC
E
FRENY R.KARJODKAR-ESSENTIALS OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL
RADIOLOGY

STUART C. WHITE AND MICHAEL J.PHAROAH - ORAL RADIOLOGY

PRINCIPLES AND INERPRETATION