Basic Knowledge About WDM Principle A

January 6, 2021 Security Level: Internal Use Only
Basic Knowledge
About WDM Principle
Optical Network Technical Service Dept.
Yang Mingzhang (ID: 42198)
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential

Objectives
After learning this course, you will:
• Know the basic concept, basic principle and

structure of WDM.
• Know the transmission media in WDM systems.
• Master key technologies of DWDM.
• Master limitations of DWDM systems and relevant
solutions.
• Know typical networking with Huawei WDM
products.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 2

Contents
Chapter 1 Overview of WDM
Chapter 2 Transmission Media in WDM Systems
Chapter 3 Key Technologies of DWDM
Chapter 4 Limitations of WDM Systems
Chapter 5 Signaling Flow in Typical Networking

Background of WDM
re
mo
How to improve
d
an
transmission capacity?
re
mo Multiple signals are transmitted
through one optical fiber.
,
es
ic
s erv
ew
d. us n
ee ario
With TDM technology, the bit rate is increased.

is n of v
de
The bit rate ranges from STM-1 to STM-64.

m
wid oo
nd e b
th
ba th th
Wi
With SDM technology, new multiple-core optical cables can be

laid (time and cost must be considered).

What Is WDM?
Gas station
2.5G
Expressway
10G
GE
Patrol car
Car/Signal Expressway/Optical fiber

Gas station/Optical amplifier Patrol car/Supervisory channel

Concept of WDM
Optical signals of different wavelengths are transmitted through one optica

l fiber, which is called Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM).
1 1 2 n
2 ┉
┋
 Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM): Wavelength interval i
s bigger, usually 20 nm.
 Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM): Wavelength interval is

smaller, usually less than or equal to 0.8 nm.

Requirements for Wavelengths in WDM
 From the perspective of technical implementation

Vendors can choose any wavelength in WDM.
 From the perspective of technical compatibility

Optical wavelengths in WDM systems should be specified.
 ITU-T specifications for optical wavelengths in WDM systems

G.692, G.694.1 and G.694.2 =====> Wavelength and Frequency Allocat
ion Table
Optical wavelengths in WDM systems must strictly comply with the W

avelength and Frequency Allocation Table.

Typical Model of WDM
Tx1 D Rx1
M E
Tx2 U OA M Rx2
X U
Txn X
Rxn
OSC OSC OSC OSC

Two-Fiber Unidirectional WDM
Optical Detector 1
source 1
WDM WDM
Optical Detector N
source N
Detector 1 Optical
source 1
WDM WDM
Detector N
Optical
source N
In a two-fiber unidirectional WDM system, two optical fibers are used and each
optical fiber transmits optical signals in only one direction.

Single Fiber Bidirectional WDM
Optical demultiplexer unit

λ１ λ１
Optical multiplexer unit

Optical line amplification
λ２ λ２
…
…
Booster
/
Booster Red band amplifier/
λＮ amplifier/Pre- EDFA λＮ
Pre-
amplifier 1547.5–1560.5 nm amplifier
OSC 1625 nm
… … … …
WDM WDM
1-N Coupler Coupler 1-N

Eastern
Western
OSC 1510 nm
EDFA
Blue band
1527.5–1542.5 nm
In a single fiber bidirectional WDM system, one optical fiber is used to transmit
optical signals in both directions, but the signals in the two directions must be of
different wavelengths.

Classification of WDM Systems
Mainstream
 Open WDM system
The system supports optical interface conversion in WDM terminal equip
ment and can interconnect with SDH equipment from any vendor.
 Integrated WDM system

The system does not support optical interface conversion in WDM termina
l equipment.
The performance of optical transponder units (OTUs) in SDH equipment
must meet the following requirements of the WDM system:
Wavelength accuracy, spectral characteristics, transmit optical power and
so on.
 Semi-open WDM system
The system supports optical interface conversion at the TX end in WDM t
erminal equipment and can interconnect with SDH equipment from any ve
ndor.

Structure of the Open WDM System
Client
Client
OTM OTM
OLA
1
1
Optical multiplexer (OM)
Optical demultiplexer (OD)

OTU BA LA PA OTU
OTU
OTU

 
 n 
n 
OTU OTU
OSC
OSC OSC
OTU OM OA
OSC OD
 Optical transponder unit (OTU): converts the optical signals of non-standard wavelengths into optical signals of standard wavelengths that
meet G.694.1(2).
 OM/OD: multiplexes and demultiplexes optical signals of fixed wavelengths that meet G.694.1(2).
 Optical amplifier (OA):
Booster amplifier (BA): raises the output optical power of optical signals of different wavelengths by raising the power of multiplexed optical signals.
Pre-amplifier (PA): raises receiver sensitivity for optical signals of different wavelengths by raising the optical power of input multiplexed optical signals.
Line amplifier (LA): regenerates and amplifies multiplexed optical signals.
 Optical supervisory channel (OSC): supervises data transmission over the whole network, usually in 1510 nm and 1625 nm (later, with the
use of ESC and OTU, optical signals can directly carry supervisory data. In the ESC technology, the OSC is unnecessary but the OTU
should support ESC).

Summary
 Concept of WDM
 Requirements for wavelengths in WDM
 Classification of WDM systems
 Structure of the open WDM system and the role of each part

Contents

Principle of Optical Transmission Through Optic
al Fibers
2
N2
N1
1
N1>N2
N1Sin 1 = N2Sin 2
Refraction law and total Sinc = N2/N1

reflection law
1 >= c

Structure of an Optical Fiber
Coating
Cladding
Core
Cladding
Coating
Structure of an optical fiber
Which is bigger, the refractive index n1 of the core or the refractive

index n2 of the cladding?

Single-Mode and Multi-Mode Optical Fibers
The number of transmission modes in optical fibers varies with diameters of fiber
cores. So optical fibers can be classified into single-mode optical fibers and multi-
mode optical fibers according to the number of transmission modes:
 When the diameter of an optical core is much bigger than the optical waveleng
th, the optical fiber supports dozens of transmission modes or more. This kind
of optical fiber is a multi-mode one. The core diameter of a multi-mode optical f
iber is relatively big, usually about 50 um.
 When the diameter of an optical core is near to the optical wavelength, the opti
cal fiber supports only one transmission mode. This kind of optical fiber is a sin
gle-mode one. The core diameter of a single-mode optical fiber is relatively sm
all, usually 5–10 um.
 The above two kinds of optical fibers have little difference in appearance. The
diameter of an optical fiber with a plastic jacket is less than 1 mm.
Only single-mode optical fibers are used in WDM systems.

Attenuation of Optical Fibers
Attenuation or loss in an optical fiber is an important factor that restricts the propag
ation of optical signals and limits the optical transmission distance. Optical loss incl
udes absorption loss, scattering loss and bending loss.
 Absorption loss is caused by the optical fiber material, mainly including ultravi
olet absorption, infrared absorption and contamination absorption.
 Uneven density of material within an optical fiber causes light to scatter, which
is called Raileigh scattering. This kind of loss is the intrinsic property of the fib
er material — silicon dioxide.
 The bending of an optical fiber causes radiation loss.
The optical fiber attenuation constant is mainly determined by absorption loss and
scattering loss.

Variable Curve of Optical Attenuation and Wavelength
Attenuation
Multi-mode optical fibers (850–900 nm)

dB/km 5
O band E band S C L U
4
3
OH-
2
Wavelength: nm
900 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
 Attenuation varies with wavelengths.

 The attenuation around 1380 nm goes up sharply due to absorption by hydroxyl ions. This is generally called "water
peak".
 According to ITU-T, the bands over 1260 nm in a single-mode optical fiber are classified into six bands: O, E, S, C, L and
U.
 As we can see, the attenuation in C band and F band is the lowest.
Wavelength Ranges in WDM
Band Description Range (nm) Bandwidth (nm)
O band Original 1260–1360 100

E band Extension 1360–1460 100
S band Short 1460–1525 65
C band Normal 1525–1565 40

L band Long 1565–1625 60
U band Ultra-long 1625–1675 50
In a DWDM system, C band and L band are used because the attenuation in the two bands is the
lowest.
In a CWDM system, multiple bands are used, ranging from 1311 to 1611 nm, because attenuation is
not a major restrictive factor in short-distance transmission.

Dispersion of Optical Fibers
The group velocities of optical pulses of different frequencies or modes are different in optical fibers.
Therefore, the arrival time of these pulses at the fiber end is different, which causes pulse broadening.
This is the dispersion in optical fibers.
pulse pulse
Fiber cladding
λ1 Fiber core λ1
λ2 λ2
Fiber cladding
λ3 λ3
... ...
 Dispersion in optical fibers is classified into mode dispersion, chromatic dispersion (CD) and polariz
ation mode dispersion (PMD):
 Mode dispersion is also called inter-mode dispersion. It occurs mainly in multi-mode optical fibers.
 CD is also called intra-mode dispersion. It includes material dispersion and waveguide dispersion.
 PMD occurs when optical signals in two orthogonal polarizations travel at different speeds in optical
fibers. PMD occurs randomly, so it is a random variable and hard to compensate for.
 CD coefficient specifies the arrival time delay that would be included per 1 km of the transmission li
ne if the wavelength deviates by 1 nm. CD coefficient is indicated by D and the unit is ps/(nm.km). P
MD coefficient is indicated by PMDQ and the unit is ps/kmⁿ (n = ½).

Impact of CD
In terms of TDM, CD will cause intersymbol interference.
T
T+ΔT
λ3 λ1 λ3 λ1 λ3 λ3λ1 λ1
 The intensity of the optical signals output by an optical source of non-zero spectral width is modulated by
electrical pulses. The modulated signals contain all wavelengths of the optical source.
 Due to the difference in arrival time of various wavelengths, optical pulses become longer (T + ΔT), which
is called pulse broadening. The bigger the transmission distance of optical pulses, the greater the pulse b
roadening. Pulse broadening causes different optical pulses to overlap, which is called intersymbol interfe
rence. Intersymbol interference will cause bit errors, thus limiting the symbol rate and transmission distan
ce.
 But in terms of WDM, CD helps prevent inter-channel interference caused by nonlinearity of optical fibers,
such as FWM and XPM.
 We should look at the impact of CD based on dialectics.

PMD
 PMD occurs when optical signals in two orthogonal polarizations travel at di

fferent speeds in optical fibers. PMD is one of critical parameters related to
optical fibers.
 PMD occurs randomly. So it is a random variable.
 PMD has the same impact as CD has: resulting in pulse broadening.

Cut-Off Wavelength
 Cut-off wavelength: the minimum wavelength of optical signals that can be transmitted in a s
ingle mode through a single-mode optical fiber.
 When the actual wavelength is smaller than the cut-off wavelength, optical signals in multipl
e modes are transmitted through an optical fiber and take on a multi-mode feature.
 To avoid modal noise and mode dispersion, the cut-off wavelength in the shortest optical ca
ble should be smaller than the operating wavelength of the system. The cut-off wavelength
can ensure the single-mode transmission through the shortest optical cable and prevent the
generation of high order modes or reduce noise power to an insignificant amount.
 The cut-off wavelength in G.652 fibers is equal to or less than 1260 nm in a 22 m optical ca
ble, equal to or less than 1260 nm in a 2–20 m optical patch cord and equal to or less than 1
250 nm in an optical patch cord less than 2 m.
 The cut-off wavelength in G.655 fibers is equal to or less than 1480 nm in a 22 m optical ca
ble, equal to or less than 1480 nm in a 2–20 m optical patch cord and is equal to or less tha
n 1470 nm in fibers with primary coating in an optical cable less than 2 m.

Mode Field Diameter (MFD)
 In an optical fiber, not all light is transmitted within the optical core. Instead, some
light is transmitted through cladding. The core diameter cannot reflect the distribution
of light. So the concept of MFD is put forward.
 MFD is a parameter describing the centralization degree o

f light in a single-mode optical fiber.
 The smaller the MFD, the greater energy density through t
he cross section of an optical fiber. Excessive density will
MFD
bring about non-linear effects in the fiber and cause optica
l signal-to-noise ratio to decrease. This will affect the perf
ormance of the system significantly.
光纤纤芯
Optical core Question: Which is better, a bigger MFD or a smaller
one?

Non-Linear Effects of Single-Mode Optical Fibers
 In essence, all media are non-linear, but the non-linear feature is generally insignificant an
d hard to manifest. When the fiber input power is low, the fiber takes on a linear feature. W
hen optical amplifiers and high-power lasers are used in optical communication systems, t
he non-linear feature of fibers becomes more significant.
 Non-linear effects of single-mode optical fibers are generally as follows:
 Stimulated non-flexible scattering: stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and stimulated
Brillouin scattering (SBS)
 Kerr-effect: self-phase modulation (SPM), cross-phase modulation (XPM) and four w
ave mixing (FWM)
Note: Non-linear effects cannot be eliminated or compensated for. So they should be restricted
as much as possible!
 The use of optical fibers with large MFD can reduce the power density on the fibers and
suppress the non-linear effects.
We can prevent non-linear effects by reducing fiber input power or using fibers with large
effective area. Non-linear effects are related to dispersion, but that does not mean the less
dispersion, the better.

G.652/G.653/G.655 Single-Mode Optical Fibers
According to ITU-T, three types of single-mode optical fibers are defined in G.652, G.653, and G.655
respectively. The differences between them are shown in the following table:
Type Definition Scope Main Specifications
The standard single-mode fiber Used in both SDH Attenuation: The attenuation value of the 1310 nm band is 0.3 –0.4
(SMF) refers to the fiber whose system and DWDM dB/km and the typical value is 0.35 dB/km. The attenuation value of
G.652 zero-dispersion point (the zero- system the 1550 nm band is 0.17–0.25 dB/km and the typical value is 0.20
dispersion wavelength) is near to dB/km.
1310 nm. Dispersion: The allowed value of the zero-dispersion wavelength is
1300––1324 nm. The dispersion coefficient of the 1550 nm band is
positive and the typical value of the dispersion coefficient D is 17
ps/(nm.km). The maximum value is not more than 20 ps/(nm.km).
Dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) refers Used in the SDH Attenuation: The attenuation value of the 1310 nm band is less than
to the fiber whose zero-dispersion system but not in the 0.55 dB/km and the typical value has not been confirmed. The
G.653 point is near to 1550 nm. Compared DWDM system attenuation value of the 1550 nm band is less than 0.35 dB/km and
with G.652 SMF, the zero-dispersion the typical value is 0.19–0.25 dB/km.
point of G.653 DSF shifts. Dispersion: The wavelengths in the G.653 DSF are near to 1550 nm,
usually 1525–1575 nm. The maximum dispersion coefficient is 3.5
ps/(nm.km). The dispersion coefficient in the DSF is too small or
may be 0 for 1550 nm bands, especially C band.
Non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber Used in both SDH Attenuation: The attenuation value of the 1310 nm band is not
(NZDSF) refers to the fiber whose system and DWDM specified in ITU-T. The attenuation value of the 1550 nm band is
G.655 zero-dispersion point is shifted system, but more less than 0.35 dB/km, usually 0.19–0.25 dB/km.
away from 1550 nm and not within applicable to the Dispersion: If 1530 nm <  < 1565 nm, 0.1 ps/(nm.km) < |D(λ)| < 6.0
the DWDM operating wavelength DWDM system ps/(nm.km). The typical value of the dispersion coefficient of the
range near to 1550 nm. G.655 NZDSF varies with vendors and needs to be confirmed based
on actual situations, usually 4.5 ps/(nm.km) and 6 ps/(nm.km).

Characteristics of G.652/G.653/G.655 Fibers
G.652 SMF: large-scale laying, G.653 DSF: serious frequency
high-speed transmission and mixture in the 1550 nm band and
dispersion compensation not applicable to the DWDM system
Positive dispersion
coefficient of G.655 NZDSF
17
Dispersion
coefficient
ps/(nm·km)
Negative dispersion
1310 coefficient of G.655 NZDSF
1550
Wavelength  (nm)
1.The minimum dispersion and attenuation in

Similar to G.653 DSF but different in cut-off the 1550 nm band, applicable to the DWDM
G.654 wavelengths. The cut-off wavelength in G.654 system and able to transmit signals at a high
fiber is 1530 nm. speed.
2.Applications: TrueWave fibers (SPM effects
Full in the positive dispersion area facilitate
wavelength Eliminating the "water peak" gain at 1380 nm. transmission) and LEAF-large effective area
fiber fibers (non-linear effects are weakened)

Summary
 Are multi-mode fibers or single-mode fibers used in WDM

systems?
 In what wavelength ranges, is the attenuation the least in

single-mode fibers?
 What problems may occur when optical signals are

transmitted in single-mode fibers?
 What are the characteristics of G.652/653/655 fibers?
 Is less dispersion better?

Contents

Key Technologies in the DWDM System
Optical source
/Optoelectrical detector Optical amplifier
Wavelength multiplexing
光监控技术
and demultiplexing
Supervisory channel

Optical Source Technologies in the DWDM System
The optical sources in the DWDM system have two distinctive characteristics:
1. Relatively big dispersion tolerance values
2. Standard and stable wavelengths
Therefore, diode lasers (DLs) are used as optical sources in the DWDM system. The DLs u
sed in the high-speed optical communication system include multi-longitudinal mode lasers
(MLM) and single-longitudinal mode lasers (SLM).
Amplitude Primary mode
Primary mode
Secondary mode
Secondary mode
Wavelength Wavelength
MLM SLM

Laser Modulation Methods
1. Direct modulation of optical sources
2. Indirect modulation of optical sources
a. Electro-absorption modulation (EA)
b. Mach-Zehnder modulation (M-Z)

Direct Modulation of Optical Sources
 Direct modulation is to use electrical signals "1" and "0" to enable and
disable a laser and use lightwaves of specified wavelengths to carry
electrical signals.
LD
Advantage: simple technologies and low costs

Disadvantage: Due to frequency changes between "1" and "0", chirp cannot be
avoided, which broadens the bandwidth of spectrums from lasers and degrades
spectral characteristics. This restricts transmission speed and distance. So direct
modulation is applicable to short-distance transmission.

Indirect Modulation of Optical Sources
 Indirect modulation is to modulate lightwaves by adding a modulator in the
lightwave transmission channel of the optical source instead of modulating
the optical source directly. Actually, the modulator serves as a switch.
Constant Optical signal output

optical Optical
source modulator
A constant optical source is very stable and continuously provides fixed wavelengths
and power. The optical source is not affected by electrical modulation signals. So chirp
can be avoided and the bandwidth of the spectrum is minimum.
The optical modulator processes the stable lightwaves emitted by the constant optical
source by allowing or forbidding lightwaves to pass according to electrical modulation
signals, without exerting any impact on spectral characteristics, thus ensuring the
spectrum quality. So indirect modulation is applicable to high-speed and long-distance
transmission.
The common indirect modulations are EA and M-Z.

EA
LD EA
Advantage: low frequency chirp and long dispersion limited distance
Disadvantage: complex technologies

M-Z
LD
Advantage: insignificant frequency chirp and very long dispersion limited distance
Disadvantage: very complex technologies and difficult integration

Comparison Among Three Types of Optical Sources
Directly
Modulated EA Modulated M-Z Modulated Optical Source
Optical Source Optical Source
Maximum
1200~2400 7200~12800 > 12800
dispersion (ps/nm)
Cost Moderate High Very high
Wavelength stability Fairly good Good Excellent
In WDM, EA modulated and directly modulated optical sources are often used.

Optoelectrical Detector
An optoelectrical detector is used to convert received optical signals into electrical

signals.
Semiconductor optoelectrical detectors include positive intrinsic negative (PIN) and
avalanche photo diode (APD).
 PIN: lower sensitivity (usually about -20 dBm) and higher overload point (usuall
y about 0 dBm); applicable to short-distance transmission
 APD: higher sensitivity (usually about -28 dBm) and lower overload point (usual
ly about -9 dBm); applicable to long-distance transmission
Both high reverse bias and strong input optical signals may cause excessive bi
as current, which will break down the APD. So operate on site according to rele
vant specifications:
1. When measuring an optical channel by using devices such as an optical time
domain reflectometer (OTDR) that can output high-power optical signals,
disconnect the peer communication device from the optical channel to protect
the receiver from being damaged by strong lightwaves.
2. Ensure the input optical power does not exceed the allowed maximum power in
devices. Add proper attenuators to self-loop boards.
3. Do not loosen optical connectors to substitute for optical attenuators.

Amplifier
Semiconductor
optical amplifier (SOA)
Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA)
Fiber Raman amplifier (FRA)

Structure and Principle of EDFA
Output power of an EDFA is related to the

following factors:
 Input light intensity
 Erbium fiber length
 Pump light intensity
Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise

EDFA Gain Flatness Control
Cascading amplification with uneven amplifier gain
Cascading amplification with flat amplifier gain
Gain control methods:

1. Dope metal elements 2. Customize EDFAs by gain flattening filters (GFF)
1525–1565 nm EDFA without aluminum 1525–1565 nm aluminum-doped EDFA
Gain Gain

Gain Flatness Technology — GFF
G
Gain fluctuation
Wavelength
1530 nm 1560 nm
Flatten output
EDFA gain spectrum curve
Requirement:
IL
Gain flatness < 2 dB
Gain flattening filter (GFF)
Wavelength
GFF

Common EDFA Control Mode
Automatic gain control (AGC)
Output varies with input while gain remains unchanged. AGC is the most common
control mode in the WDM system.
AGC is also called gain locking mode. There are multiple solutions to AGC and the
most common one is electrical control pump technology, as shown below:
Non-linear
control
The actual gain is calculated based on output power and input power. Output power
changes with pump power, thus keeping the actual gain at the target value.
Automatic power control (APC)

No matter how input power is changed, output power remains unchanged. In this case,
the gain is changed. APC is used for adjustable gains.
APC changes the pump power by detecting output power and comparing it with the target
value, thus keeping actual output power at the target value.

Why to Use AGC
 When other conditions remain unchanged, wavelength multiplexing/demultiplexing through
an EDFA bring the following problems to a WDM system:
 When more lightwaves enter the EDFA, input power becomes higher and pump optical
power contributes less to the lightwaves, which causes optical power of each lightwave to
decrease suddenly. If the optical power is lower than the minimum optical power acceptable
to the receiver, transient loss of signals will occur and the gains of lightwaves will decrease
more or less.
EDF
Pin
Pout
Pump
 When less lightwaves enter the EDFA, input power becomes lower and extra pump optical
power contributes to the remaining channels, which causes optical power of each
ligthwave to rise suddenly. If the optical power is higher than the maximum optical power
acceptable to the receiver, that will overshoot the receiver and the gains of lightwaves will
rise more or less.
 Therefore, AGC technology is necessary for amplifiers in the WDM system.

EDFA Noises
 ASE is the primary source of EDFA noises and the main factor contributing to the deg
rading of optical signal-to-noise ratio of the system. See the following figure:
 ASE noise power generated by an amplifier is: PASE = -58 + NF + G (dBm)
where, NF is the noise figure of an optical amplifier (unit: dB) and G is the gain of the
optical amplifier (unit: dB).
BA LA LA PA
DCM DCM DCM DCM
OSNR
Span

Major Performance Parameters Related to EDFA — 3 I
Understanding the following parameters will facilitate fault

location in maintenance:
 Working current is also called bias current. It determines the output optical power of
an amplifier board. Normally, the output power of the board is stable. Working
current should remain relatively stable.
 Refrigerating current is related to the adjustment of refrigerating circuits. On the
amplifier board, refrigerating current varies with the temperature of the pump laser.
Pay attention to the meaning of positive and negative symbols (the negative symbol
indicates heating).
 Back facet current is a performance parameter related to the amplifier board. Back
facet current is related to power detection, so we can know the output power of a
laser from back facet current. Generally, we can judge the quality of a pump laser
from back facet current.
3I
Principle of an FRA
If a weak signal and a strong pump lightwave are transmitted in an optical fiber at
the same time and the wavelength of the weak signal is kept within the Raman
gain bandwidth (GB) of the pump lightwave, the weak signal will be amplified.
The optical amplifier based on the SRS mechanism is called FRA.
GAIN
PUMP1 PUMP2 PUMP3
30nm
70~100nm
Three characteristics:
 Gain wavelengths depend on pump wavelengths. Theoretically, any wavelength
can be amplified so long as the pump wavelength is proper.
 Optical fibers serve as gain media. So the FRA can amplify optical signals within
optical fibers, which is distributed amplification. Long-distance transmission
without trunks and remote pumps can be achieved.
 The noise figure of the FRA is small. So the combination of the FRA and EDFA
can reduce the noise figure significantly and increase transmission span.

Principle of an FRA
The following is an example of using non-linear effects of optical fibers skillfully:
• SRS: Incident photon energy is transferred to low-frequency lightwaves (frequency
shifts down by 13.2 THz).
• A photon of frequency f1 enters an optical fiber. If the photon power is high enough
to cause SRS, the photon will transfer its energy to the photon of frequency f1-13.2
THz and then disappear in the molecular vibration way.
• SRS requires very strong light. This is why FRAs are very powerful but dangerous.
FRA gain spectrum curve
An FRA can work in ordinary optical fibers without any restriction on bands.
Theoretically, any wavelength can be amplified.

Principle of an FRA
 The amplification range of a pump source is limited. So choose multiple wavelengths
according to actual situations and add them to amplify any wavelength.
 To amplify the wavelength corresponding to frequency f2, choose the incident pump
source corresponding to f2 + 13.2 THz.
Pump source Amplification range

 Schematic drawing of an FRA:
Optical signal
FRA
Optical fiber
Pump1 Pump2

Gain of an Amplifier (G)
Gain of an EDFA (G) = Pout - Pin
P1 P2
Optical signal
EDFA
G = P2 - P1
In an FRA, G refers to on-off gain. The definition and test of G are different from those for an EDFA:
Optical signal P1
FRA Power meter
P2
P1 indicates the test result when the pump source in an FRA is off.
P2 indicates the test result when the pump source in an FRA is on.
Gon-off = P2 - P1
Note: In an FRA, P1 and P2 indicate output optical power.

Comparison Between EDFA and FRA
Item EDFA FRA
Stimulates emission by
Amplification principle A kind of non-linear effect: SRS
semiconductors
Erbium-doped optical fibers

Amplification media Common optical fibers (line optical fibers)
(within amplifiers)
The pump source can be chosen

according to the amplification objective.
Pump source 980/1480 nm
The RPC of Huawei corresponds to
1427/1457 nm.
Requirement for optical power

Ordinary High (SRS threshold is high.)
of pumps
Theoretically, there are no restrictions on

Bandwidth C band and L band bandwidth and bandwidth depends on
pump combination.
Noise High Low
Gain test Common gain On-off gain

Optical Multiplexer and Demultiplexer
OM OD
OM
OD

Optical Multiplexer and Demultiplexer
Currently, the most common components are fiber coupler, dielectric film an
d arrayed waveguide grating (AWG).
Filter
Auto-focus len
Coupling
length (L)
Filter
Fiber coupler
Arrayed
waveguide
Glass
Dielectric film
Planar coupled
Input waveguide Output
waveguide waveguide
AWG

Supervisory Technology
The requirements for supervisory channels in DWDM systems are as follows:
 Optical supervisory channels do not impose restrictions on pump wavelengths in

optical amplifiers.
 Optical supervisory channels do not impose restrictions on the distance between
two optical amplifiers.
 Optical supervisory channels do not impose restrictions on the future services on t
he 1310 nm wavelength.
 Optical supervisory channels are available even if amplifiers fail.

Typical Frame Structure of OSC Data
The 2 Mbit/s interfaces of optical supervisory channels (OSCs) should comply with
the requirements in G.703. The frame structure and bit rate should comply with the
requirements in G.704:
0 Frame alignment signal 01 Byte E1

02 Byte F1 3~15 Byte D1–D12
17 Byte F2 18 Byte F3
19 Byte E2 14 Byte ALC
20 Byte APE Others Reserved

ESC Technology
• In earlier WDM systems, dedicated OSCs are used for operations, administration and
maintenance of network elements (NEs) . With the development of technologies, con
sidering product costs, people came up with the idea of using overhead bytes in fixe
d frame structure for data communications channels (DCC) and realizing communica
tions between NEs through interconnections of OTUs. This is electrical supervisory
channel (ESC) technology.
• The associated mode is adopted in ESC technology. That is, supervisory data is tran
smitted along with main service signals and then separated from the latter at the pee
r end. In this mode, supervisory data does not need to occupy extra wavelengths.
• In terms of board realization principles, ESCs include fixed frame structure DCCs an
d pilot tone modulation DCCs.
• Fixed frame structure DCCs further include fixed SDH frame structure DCCs and GC
Cs based on G.709 frame structure.
Cost-effective solution
Summary
 Which optical sources are used in the WDM system? What are the
characteristics of these optical sources?
 What kind of receivers are used in the WDM system? What are the
main differences between these receivers?
 What is the principle of an EDFA and what is the noise source?
 What are AGC, gain flatness and 3I of an EDFA?
 What types of OM and OD are mentioned? Which type is currently
used by Huawei?
 What are the requirements for OSCs in the DWDM system?

Contents

Limitations of DWDM Systems
Accumulated noises CD
caused by ASE and
degrading OSNR
System
performance
Non-linear effects in
PMD optical fibers
SPM/XPM/…
 Four limiting factors: attenuation, dispersion (CD and PMD), OSNR and non-linearity.
Attenuation is not a major problem because it can be solved through amplifiers.
 The 40G DWDM system puts higher requirements for optical transmission. Compared wit
h the 10G DWDM system under the same physical conditions, the limiting factors to the 4
0G DWDM system are as follows:
 OSNR is degraded by four times (6 dB), CD tolerance is reduced by 16 times and P
MD is degraded by four times and non-linear effects become more obvious.

Calculation of OSNR
As a key parameter related to optical amplifiers, NF describes the value of ASE
noise generated by optical amplifiers:
1 P 
NF  1  ASE ,   12.5GHz
G  h 
NF (dB)  PASE (dBm)  58  G (dB)
Noise generated by one amplifier: Pase = -58 + NF + G (dBm)
L1 L2 Li Ln-1 A
G1 G2 G3 Gi Gn
Usually, OSNR refers to that of the output end of the last amplifier. For output end A,
OSNR = Ps(A)/Pase(A).
where, Ps (A) indicates signal power at A and Pase (A) indicates noise power at A.
Pase (A) is equal to the accumulated noise power at A of all amplifiers.

Example of OSNR Calculation
＋5 -25 -2 -18 +5 -32

30dB 37dB OSNR
WBA02 WPA02 WBA02 WPA02
#1 #2 #3 #4
 ASE noise generated by each amplifier is (NF = 5 dB):

Pase1 = Pase2 = Pase3 = Pase4 = -58 + 5 + 23 = -30 (dB) = 1E-3 (mw)
 The total noise power at the output end of the last amplifier is:
Pase = (Pase1 - L1 + G2 - L2 + G3 - L4 + G4) + (Pase2 - L2 + G3 - L4 + G4)
+ (Pase3 - L4 + G4) + Pase4 = 1E (-3 -3 + 2.3 - 2 + 2.3 - 3.7 + 2.3) + 1E (-3 -2
+ 2.3 - 3.7 + 2.3) + 1E (-3 - 3.7 + 2.3) + 1E (-3) = 0.00001589 + 0.00007943 +
0.00003981 + 0.001 = 0.00113513 (mw) = -29.45 (dBm)
 OSNR at the output end of the last amplifier is: OSNR = Ps(mw)/Paseh(mw) =
Ps(dB) – Pase(dB) = -9 - (-29.45) = 20.45 dB > 20 dB
The OSNR calculated above meets the requirements of the system.

Example of OSNR Calculation
The OSNR calculated by the above tool is 19.93 dB, which is near to the value 20.45 dB
obtained in the formula. If the OSNR calculated by using CAS.EXE meets relevant
requirements, the actual OSNR is desirable.
Note: This tool is saved in the CD-ROM 7.0. The path is: \Chinese data CD-ROM 7.0\ 05-
WDM product data\01-WDM public\03-Functions and characteristics\02-Tools\01-Rough
calculator of OSNR.

How to Improve OSNR Margin
 To improve the OSNR of the system:

1. Combine low-noise pre-amplifiers and high-gain amplifiers.
2. Combine FRAs and EDFAs to reduce the NF.
To reduce the OSNR tolerance:

1. Use forward error correction technologies — forward error correction (FEC),
enhanced forward error correction (EFEC) or adaptive forward error correctio
n (AFEC).
2. Use special coding technologies.

Signal Coding Technologies
NRZ
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
RZ
 Smaller duty cycle
 Larger Q factor margin under the same OSNR conditions
 Stronger capability to resist optical dispersion and non-linear distortion
 Stronger capability to resist received eye pattern distortion caused by polarization

division multiplexing (PDM)

Signal Code Technologies
Capacity x distance SuperWDM technology
3000 Tbit/s x km SuperDRZ
2000 Tbit/s x km DMS SuperCRZ

ODB BL-PSBT
CSRZ
ALL
RZ RAMAN
1000 Tbit/s x km systems
Comparison among coding technologies
Code Modulation Tech Dispersion Spectrum

Non-Linearity Remarks
nologies Tolerance Efficiency
RZ Good Normal 50 GHz
CSRZ Good Normal 50 GHz
In engineering implementation,
DMS Very excellent Good 50 GHz
FRAs are necessary.
SuperCRZ Very excellent Normal 50 GHz

RZ
Achieve the best balance among
SuperDRZ Excellent Good 25 GHz non-linearity, dispersion and
spectrum efficiency.

SuperDRZ Technology
 In SuperDRZ, the transmitter converts input differential signals to positive and
negative pulses to drive MZ modulators. The phase difference between adjacent
codes "1" in modulated optical pulse sequences (SuperDRZ coding) is 180 degrees
(opposite phases).
SuperDRZ
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
SuperDRZ pulse sequence before entering the optical fiber (the phase difference
between red pulses and blue pulses is 180 degrees)
 As optical signals are transmitted in the optical fiber, optical pulses are broadened.
But due to opposite phases between adjacent codes "1", light intensity is
approximate to 0 despite overlapping codes "1".
Due to opposite phases between two adjacent
pulses "1", the signal indicating optical power
is equal to 0 is received by the receiver.
SuperDRZ
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
SuperDRZ pulse sequence after optical transmission for some time (the phase difference between
red pulses and blue pulses is 180 degrees)

SuperDRZ Reduces Intersymbol Interference
General RZ
SuperDRZ
Eye patterns of signals after optical transmission over different distances
 Compared with RZ, SuperDRZ has larger dispersion tolerance and can reduce
intersymbol interference.
 SuperDRZ has larger PMD tolerance than RZ.

Excellent Non-Linear Tolerance of SuperDRZ
 DRZ inherits the advantage of SuperWDM in non-linear tolerance through

controllable chirp modulation.
 Special frequency modulation can reduce non-linear effects such as SPM, F
WM, SRS and SBS.

FEC Technology
FEC includes inband FEC and outband FEC. The main FEC technology used for
DWDM boards is outband FEC. Outband FEC is supported by ITU-T G.975/709.
FEC
Signal payload
coding
 As specified in ITU-T G.975, FEC coding/decoding are done for SDH signals directly
through RS(255, 239) codes.
 ITU-T G.709 describes the structure of optical transmission networks (OTN). In this
standard, the FEC overhead belongs to the OTUk layer in an OTN.
Comparison of theoretic BERs before and after RS(255, 239) FEC
BER Before FEC BER After FEC

1.0E-3 8.6E-8
2.0E-4 2.0E-12
1.0E-4 5.0E-15
1.0E-5 6.3E-24
1.0E-6 6.4E-33

FEC Technology
• FEC and extended FEC in the ITU-T G.709 standard:
Figure 1 Standard OTUk frame structure
Figure 2 OTUk frame structure — FEC coding type extension
Figure 3 OTUk frame structure — FEC overhead size extension

FEC Technology
Coding Coding Algorithm Coding Gain Line Speed Standard
Out-band FEC RS(255, 239) 5–7 dB 10.7 Gbps G.709
RS(255, 238)
Enhanced-FEC 7–9 dB 12.5 Gbps No
RS(245, 210)
RS(255, 238)
Advanced-FEC BCH(900, 860) 7–9 dB 10.7 Gbps G.709
BCH(500, 491)
 The line speed in AFEC is equal to that in

outband FEC but coding gain in AFEC is higher.
 The coding gain in AFEC is near to that in
EFEC, but the line speed is lower in AFEC. So
bandwidth costs in AFEC are lower.
 AFEC complies with the frame structure defined
in ITU-T G.709.

Requirements for OSNR in FEC
AFEC OSNR > 16 dB
Out-band
FEC OSNR > 20 dB
Inband
OSNR > 23.5 dB
FEC
OSNR > 14 dB
Out-band
Without OSNR > 25 dB FEC
FEC
10G:
Without OSNR > 20 dB
FEC
2.5G:

Dispersion Compensation Technology
Currently, CD effects are reduced mainly by using dispersion compensation modul

es (DCMs) to compensate for accumulated dispersion in optical fibers. There are m
ainly two kinds of chromatic dispersion compensation technologies:
1. Dispersion compensation fiber (DCF)
2. Dispersion compensation grating, that is, chirped fiber grating (CFG)
In the current DWDM system, the main dispersion compensation technology is DC

F.

DCF
The difference between DCF and general fibers lies in that the dispersion coefficient at
1550 nm is negative. This kind of negative dispersion fibers are connected to the G652
optical system to offset the positive dispersion in G652 fibers.
The typical value of the dispersion coefficient of DCF is -90 ps/(nm.km). So DCF can
make dispersion value in the total link approximate to 0 only by occupying 1/5 of the
total G.652 fiber.
Dispersion coefficient
Wavelength
General DCF
Dispersion slope compensation fiber (DSCF)

Calculation of DCM Dispersion Compensation
Specifications
Dispersion limit = (Dispersion tolerance / Dispersion coefficient)
+ DCM compensation - (10–30)
(The system should have 10–30 km redundant length.)
The dispersion tolerance of a 10G optical wavelength conversion unit is 700 ps/nm. In the G.652 fi
bers, the dispersion coefficient is 17 ps/(nm.km). Considering the redundant length is 10–30 km, t
he longest transmission distance without compensation is: L = 700/17 - (10–30) = 10–30 km. That
is, when the transmission distance exceeds 30 km, DCM must be used for compensation. Similarl
y, in the G.655 fibers, the dispersion coefficient is 4.5 ps/(nm.km). The longest transmission distan
ce without compensation is: L = 700 / 4.5 = 155 km. That is, when the transmission distance exce
eds 100 km, DCM must be used for compensation.
 In G.652 optical fibers, the calculation formula is:
DCM ≥ L - [(Dispersion tolerance / Dispersion coefficient) - (10–30)] = L - [(700 / 17) - (10–30)]
= L - (10–30)
 In G.655 optical fibers, the calculation formula is:
DCM ≥ L x (4.5 / 17) - (10–30) = Lx - (10–30)
Note: Convert the length of a G.655 fiber to that of a G.652 optical fiber: Lx = L x (4.5 ps / 17 ps)

CFG
 CFG is formed due to etching by ultraviolet rays that are sent to optical fibers through the te
mplate, which makes the refractive index of the optical fibers change periodically. Lightwave
s of different frequencies in input pulses are reflected by different parts of the grating and co
upled between two counter-propagation mode fields. Adjust reflection delay to make it equal
to that of optical transmission but in opposite directions.
CFG
Long Short
wavelength wavelength
Optical circulator
Input signal 1 2
3
Output signal

Key Technologies in 40G Transmission
More Dispersion
Dispersiontolerance
toleranceisis
OSNR
OSNRtolerance
toleranceisis PMD
PMDeffects
effectsare
are Moredanger
dangerisiscaused
caused
increased by four by non-linear effects. decreased
decreasedbyby16
16times
raised
raisedby
by66dB.
dB. increased by four by non-linear effects. times
times. (60 ps/nm).
(60 ps/nm).
times.
FEC
FEC DistributedRaman
Raman Dispersion
Dispersion
Distributed Codemodulation
Code modulationtechnologies
technologies
AFEC
AFEC amplification management
management
amplification ODB,CS-RZ,
ODB, CS-RZ,RZ-DPSK,
RZ-DPSK,DQPSK
DQPSK
ADC,EDC
ADC, EDC
Under the same physical conditions, the 40G DWDM system should meet the following requirements to
compete with the current 10G DWDM system in performance:
 AFEC can improve the white noise correction capability and lower system OSNR tolerance by 6 dB.
 Use advanced code modulation technology and improve transmission performance in a
comprehensive way and reduce restrictions on OSNR, PMD, non-linearity and dispersion.
 Use new dispersion management technology such as ADC, improve dispersion tolerance and reduce
non-linearity.

Summary
 What are the main limiting factors to the WDM system?
 What kind of technology is used by Huawei for CD?
 What measures can be taken to improve the OSNR?

Contents

Types of Huawei WDM NEs
According to the usage, Huawei

WDM NEs include:
 Optical terminal multiplexer (OTM)

 Optical line amplifier (OLA)
 Optical add/drop multiplexer (OADM)
 REG
Take the BWS 1600G for example to illustrate networking signaling flows.

Networking Types
Point-to-point networking:
OTM OLA OLA OTM SDH

SDH
Chain networking:
120 km
16 Eight
OTM16/16 OADM16/8
STM-16s STM-16s
120 km
16
OTM16/16
STM-16s

Networking Types
Ring networking:
1–8
OADM
1–8 OADM OADM 1–8
OADM
1–8
Schematic Drawing of Networking for the BWS 1600G
OTM OLA OADM OTM

M D
OTU C U M C OTU
50 GHz25 GHz
50GHz 25 GHz 50
50GHz
GHz
X X
ITL ITL OADM ITL ITL
M D
OTU C U M C OTU
F F F F F F
X X
I D
M
M I I I I I D
OTU CL U M
M CL OTU
OTU U 50 GHz 50GHz
50GHz X
X
X X
ITL U U ITL
U U OADM U U
M D
D
OTU CL U M
M CL OTU
OTU
X X
X
SC1 SC2 SC2 SC1
C band module L band module C/L band module
In the new system structure, only C band modules are used; expensive L band componen
ts have been removed; modular upgrade is supported; the Interleaver supporting 25 GHz
wavelength interval is added.

Evolution of Networking for the BWS 1600G
Phase 1:
 Point-to-point networking
 600 km transmission without electrical
regenerators OTM REG REG OTM
Phase 2:
OADM
 Ring networking
OADM OADM
 2000–3000 km transmission without
electrical regenerators— reducing OADM
optical-electrical-optical (OEO)
conversion costs
ROADM
Phase 3:
 Ring/Mesh networking
 Supporting dynamic networks based on r
econfigurable optical add/drop multiplexin
g (ROADM) technology
 4000–5000 km transmission without elect
rical generators

Diversified Fixed Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (FOAD
M)
 Low costs
 FOADM I  Simple structure
Multiple-layer dielectric  Maximum of 16 wavelengths

film technology
Serial OADMs
EREG
 FOADM II  Supporting online upgrade

 100% wavelength add/drop
AWG technology
Parallel OADMs  Direct pass-through without
electrical regenerators
 Extension capability from 2D
to 3D
The
Thepurpose
purposeof
ofusing
usingOADM
OADMis
isto
tolower
lowerwavelength
wavelengthconverter
convertercosts
costsin
inDWDM.
DWDM.

Example of FOADM Networking
FOADM I FOADM II
OTU
ADM OTU
ADM
ADM
ADM
OTU OTU
ADM
 3: pass-through at ea
 1: add/drop at each O ch OADM node and no
ADM node  2: pass-through at FOA need for electrical rege
DM I nodes and add/drop nerators
at FOADM II nodes
• Flexible FOADM configuration according to wavelength add/drop scale at each node

• FOADM suitable for middle and small nodes (≤ 16) and FOADM suitable for large nodes (>
16)

2D ROADM
WB module
 ROADM I
Splitter Add filters (Waveblocker)
/Drop filters /Combiner
 Suitable for 2D nodes
 Supporting dynamic wavelength
add/drop and pass-through
 100% wavelength add/drop
 Built-in optical balance
WSS module
 ROADM II
1 x 9 switch
(Wavelength selective switch) 40 switches
 Colorless add/drop Multi-port Mux/Demux

Coupler
 Easier upgrade
 2D-4D-8D lossless extension
capability
 Supporting mesh networking Broadband receiver for colorless drop
Tunable laser for colorless add

Multi-D ROADM
Colorless drop and multi-degree update ports
S E
1*9 1*9
OA OA
WSS WSS
E S
Ring2 OA 1*9 1*9 OA
WSS WSS
N W
OA 1*9 1*9 OA
WSS WSS
Ring1 W N
1*9 1*9 OA
OA WSS WSS
Major hub
nodes
M32 Coupler Coupler D32
Add local traffic Drop local traffic
• Flexible optical layer cross-connect — automatic wavelength connection through cross-ring

networking, thus eliminating manual optical patch cord between hub nodes.
• Online upgrade from 2D to multi-D (a maximum of 8D is supported)
• Reducing regenerators through optical layer pass-through — reducing high costs caused by
expensive electrical regenerator cascading

Flexible ROADM Networking
Regional convergence Regional core nodes

nodes Core nodes
• Low wavelength
• 2D nodes • High wavelength
add/drop rate
• Low wavelength add/drop rate
• Connecting with 3–5
add/drop rate • Possible need for
nodes
• Local termination of rebuilding
• Need for remote
add/drop services • Connecting with multiple
rebuilding and
• Basically no need for nodes
management
rebuilding
ROADM (WSS)
OADM
/ROADM (WB)

Summary
• What types of ROADMs are mentioned?

Thank You
www.huawei.com

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January 6, 2021 Security Level: Internal Use Only

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential

After learning this course, you will:

• Know the basic concept, basic principle and

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 2

Chapter 1 Overview of WDM

Chapter 2 Transmission Media in WDM Systems

Chapter 3 Key Technologies of DWDM

Chapter 4 Limitations of WDM Systems

Chapter 5 Signaling Flow in Typical Networking

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 3

With TDM technology, the bit rate is increased.

The bit rate ranges from STM-1 to STM-64.

With SDM technology, new multiple-core optical cables can be

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 4

Car/Signal Expressway/Optical fiber

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Optical signals of different wavelengths are transmitted through one optica

 Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM): Wavelength interval is

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 From the perspective of technical implementation

 From the perspective of technical compatibility

 ITU-T specifications for optical wavelengths in WDM systems

Optical wavelengths in WDM systems must strictly comply with the W

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 7

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 8

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Optical demultiplexer unit

Optical multiplexer unit

1-N Coupler Coupler 1-N

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 Integrated WDM system

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Optical demultiplexer (OD)

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 Requirements for wavelengths in WDM

 Classification of WDM systems

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 13

Chapter 1 Overview of WDM

Chapter 2 Transmission Media in WDM Systems

Chapter 3 Key Technologies of DWDM

Chapter 4 Limitations of WDM Systems

Chapter 5 Signaling Flow in Typical Networking

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 14

Refraction law and total Sinc = N2/N1

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Structure of an optical fiber

Which is bigger, the refractive index n1 of the core or the refractive

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 16

Only single-mode optical fibers are used in WDM systems.

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Multi-mode optical fibers (850–900 nm)

 Attenuation varies with wavelengths.

Band Description Range (nm) Bandwidth (nm)

O band Original 1260–1360 100

S band Short 1460–1525 65

C band Normal 1525–1565 40

U band Ultra-long 1625–1675 50

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 20

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 21

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 22

 PMD occurs when optical signals in two orthogonal polarizations travel at di