Laboratory tests are procedures in which a sample

of blood, urine, or tissue in the body is analyzed

for certain features.

PURPOSES:

1. Help a doctor make a diagnosis in a patient.

2. Aid in evaluating clients’ health needs.

3. Provide physicians with essential information.

4. Evaluate drug therapy or rule out a clinical

problem.
CARDIAC BIOMAKERS
CMP PINTEREST
DESIGN LAYOUT
TO DO TOMORROW
DIABETES TEST
CALCIUM
 FLUIDS AND
ELECTROLYTES
KIDNEYS
LIVER
LOGOUT LESSON 1
 LESSON 2:
HEMATOLOGIC TESTS
Hematologic or blood tests are used to diagnose various
diseases and monitor patient’s response to treatment. They can
also be used to monitor progress of disease conditions.
Components of
Complete Blood Count
(CBC)
A complete blood count (CBC) is a blood test used
to evaluate your overall health and detect a wide
range of disorders, including anemia, infection and
leukemia. A complete blood count test measures
several components and features of your blood,
including:
1
Erythrocyte (RBC)
count
This test provides information about the kinds and numbers of cells in the blood. It is
used to both determine general health status and detect a wide range of disorders
(e.g., infection, anemia, inflammation, and bleeding disorders)

Normal Range (Female) Normal Range (Male)

4.2–5.4 x 1012/L 4.7-6.1 x 1012/L
2
Hemoglobin (HGB)
Hemoglobin is the protein in RBC that carries oxygen. There are millions of
hemoglobin molecules in each red cell.

Normal Range (Female) Normal Range (Male)

120-160 g/L 135-180 g/L
3
Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c)
It is used to diagnose diabetes. HbA1c test is used to evaluate long-term blood glucose control in
people with known diabetes or diagnose prediabetes.

Its results give an estimate of

the average blood glucose
1 level over the past 2-3
22% months.

It is useful in checking how

2 well a person is controlling
28% his or her diabetes.

NORMAL
3
RANGE: <6.5 %
4
Hematocrit or Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
The test for hematocrit measures the volume of cells as a percentage of the total volume
of cells and plasma in whole blood. This percentage is usually three times greater than
the hemoglobin.

Normal Range Normal Range (Male)

(Female)
0.37-0.47 volume 0.42-0.52 volume
fraction fraction
5
Platelet Count (Thrombocytes)
This test measures the number of platelets in the blood and is often included in the
CBC when there are signs and symptoms of a bleeding disorder or excessive clotting.

Normal Range
130-400 x 109 /L
6
Leukocyte (WBC)
They develop from stem cells in theCount
WBC, also known as leukocytes, are larger in size and less numerous than red cells.
bone marrow. To detect the presence of infection.
Supports diagnosis of inflammation. WBC are cells that fight foreign bodies and
infection. Their function involves the response to an inflammatory process or injury.

Normal Range
Adult/Child > 2 years

5-10 x 109 /L
3
Reticulocyte Count
Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells. It’s also known as a retic count, corrected
reticulocyte count, or reticulocyte index.

A reticulocyte count is a
test your doctor can use to
22% 1 measure the level of
reticulocytes in your blood

The reference range, or

28% healthy range, of the
2 reticulocyte percentage in
adults is 0.5 percent to 1.5 %.
Red Blood
Indices
Measure the average characteristics of the
erythrocyte. The indices usually noted include the
mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular
hemoglobin (MCH), the mean corpuscular
hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and red cell
distribution width (RDW).
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
(MCH)
An MCH value refers to the
average
Here youquantity
can add of
something in MCH results tend to mirror
hemoglobin present in a single
brief as the explanation Here you can add something in
MCV results. This is
red blood cell.
1 brief as the explanation
because bigger red blood
cells generally contain more
hemoglobin while smaller
The normal range for MCH red blood cells tend to have
isHere you can27.5
between add something
and 33.2 in less.
brief as the explanation
picograms(pg). 2
3
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
Concentration (MCHC)
It’s a measure of the average
concentration
Here you can add of hemoglobin
something in
inside
brief asa the
single red blood cell.
explanation The
Here difference
you can add between
something in
1 brief asand
MCH the explanation
MCHC is that the
MCHC measurement takes
the volume or size of the red
blood cell into account while
The reference range for
Here youincan add something in MCH does not.
MCHC adults is 33.4–35.5
brief asper
grams the deciliter
explanation
(g/dL). 2
3
Mean Corpuscular Volume
(MCV)

MCV is a
Here you can add something in
brief as the explanation A
Herenormal
you can add range
something in
measurement of brief as the explanation
for MCV is
the average size of between 80 and 96
your red blood femtoliters per
cells. cell.
1 2
Red Cell Distribution Width

This index
Here you canis a quantitative
add something in
estimate
brief as theof the uniformity of
explanation Here you can add something in
brief as the explanation
individual cell size. Elevated
levels may indicate iron
Normal levels are
deficiency or other 11.5 % to 14.5 %.
conditions with a wide
distribution of various cell
sizes. 1 2
Blood Differential
Tests
These may include infections, autoimmune diseases,
anemia, inflammatory diseases, and leukemia and
other types of cancer. It is a common test that is
frequently used as part of a general physical
exam.
BLOOD DIFFERENTIAL TESTS
LYMPHOCYTES
Lymphocytes fight viral infections; They
have a key role in the formation of
immunoglobins and provide cellular
immunity.
Blood differential test is used to diagnose a variety of medical conditions.
MONOCYTES
These cells arrive at the site of injury in
about five hours or more.
EISINOPHILS
Found in such areas as skin and the airway
in addition to the bloodstream.
BASOPHILS
These cells are also known as “mast” cells
when found in the tissues. Basophils may
contribute to preventing clotting in
microcirculation.
BLOOD DIFFERENTIAL TESTS
NEUTROPHILS
Neutrophils are so named because they are
not well stained by either eosin, a red acidic
stain, nor by methylene blue, a basic or
alkaline stain.
Blood differential test is used to diagnose a variety of medical conditions.
NEUTROPHILS
They are the body's primary defense against
bacterial infection and physiologic stress.
NEUTROPHILS
Because of the segmented appearance of the
nucleus, neutrophils are sometimes referred
to as "segs."
NEUTROPHILS
Less mature neutrophils - those that have
recently been released from the bone marrow
into the bloodstream - are known as "bands"
or "stabs".
http://a2.mayomedicallaboratories.c
om/webjc/attachments/173/b34ae02
-cbc-reference-ranges.pdf
6
Coagulation
Tests
Measure your blood's ability to
clot, and how long it takes to clot.
 PROTHROMBIN TIME
A measurement used to test clotting times.
(PT) It is used to check for
1 bleeding problems or the
chances of excessive
bleeding during surgery.
22%
It measures how long
2 it takes blood to clot.

28% It is also used to check

3 whether the medicine to
prevent blood clots is
working
 PROTHROMBIN TIME
A measurement used to test clotting times.
(PT)

NORMAL FULL NORMAL CRITICAL VALUES:

ANTICOAGULANT INTERNATIONAL
RANGE:
11-12.5 NORMALIZED
THERAPY:
> 1.5-2.0 times 0.8-1.2 RATIO: > 20 seconds (for
control value in clients not taking
seconds seconds anticoagulants)
 PROTHROMBIN TIME
A measurement used to test clotting times.
(PT)

NORMAL FULL NORMAL CRITICAL VALUES

ANTICOAGULANT INTERNATIONAL
RANGE
11-12.5 THERAPY
> 1.5-2.0 times
NORMALIZED RATIO
0.8-1.2 > 20 seconds (for
control value in clients not taking
seconds seconds anticoagulants)
 PROTHROMBIN TIME
A measurement used to test clotting times.
(PT)

NORMAL FULL NORMAL CRITICAL VALUES

ANTICOAGULANT INTERNATIONAL
RANGE
11-12.5 THERAPY
> 1.5-2.0 times NORMALIZED
0.8-1.2 RATIO > 20 seconds (for
control value in clients not taking
seconds seconds anticoagulants)
 PROTHROMBIN TIME
A measurement used to test clotting times.
(PT)

FULL NORMAL CRITICAL VALUES

NORMAL
ANTICOAGULANT INTERNATIONAL
RANGE > 20 seconds (for
11-12.5 THERAPY
> 1.5-2.0 times NORMALIZED
0.8-1.2 RATIO
clients not taking
control value in
seconds seconds
anticoagulants)
PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME
(PTT) It might be used if you
1 take a blood-thinning
medicine called Heparin.

22% It measures other

clotting factors or checks
2 if Heparin dose is
therapeutic.
28%
It also checks the effects
3 of anticoagulants (e.g.,
Heparin, warfarin)
 PROTHROMBIN TIME
A measurement used to test clotting times.
(PT)

ACTIVATED PARTIAL PARTIAL CLIENTS RECEIVING CRITICAL VALUES

THROMBOPLASTIN THROMBOPLASTIN ANTICOAGULANT aPTT:
TIME: TIME: THERAPY:
30-40 seconds 60-70 seconds 1.5-2.5 times 70 seconds PTT:
control value in >100 seconds
seconds
 PROTHROMBIN TIME
A measurement used to test clotting times.
(PT)

ACTIVATED PARTIAL PARTIAL CLIENTS RECEIVING CRITICAL VALUES

THROMBOPLASTIN THROMBOPLASTIN ANTICOAGULANT aPTT:
TIME: TIME: THERAPY:
30-40 seconds 60-70 seconds 1.5-2.5 times 70 seconds PTT:
control value in >100 seconds
seconds
 PROTHROMBIN TIME
A measurement used to test clotting times.
(PT)

ACTIVATED PARTIAL PARTIAL CLIENTS RECEIVING CRITICAL VALUES

THROMBOPLASTIN THROMBOPLASTIN ANTICOAGULANT aPTT:
TIME: TIME: THERAPY:
30-40 seconds 60-70 seconds 1.5-2.5 times control 70 seconds PTT:
value in seconds >100 seconds
 PROTHROMBIN TIME
A measurement used to test clotting times.
(PT)

ACTIVATED PARTIAL PARTIAL CLIENTS RECEIVING CRITICAL VALUES

THROMBOPLASTIN THROMBOPLASTIN ANTICOAGULANT aPTT:
TIME: TIME: THERAPY:
30-40 seconds 60-70 seconds 1.5-2.5 times 70 seconds
control value in PTT: >100
seconds seconds
Glucose
Tests
It used to find out if your blood sugar
levels are in the healthy range. It is
often used to help diagnose and
monitor diabetes.
FASTING PLASMA GLUCOSE TEST
(FBS)
1 Screens for diabetes.

22% It is used when the

person has not had any
2 caloric intake for at
least eight hours.
28%
NORMAL
3
RANGE: 4.0-6.0
mmol/L
ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST
(OGTT) 1 Screens for diabetes.

22% The person drinks a

solution containing 75
2 grams of glucose. After 2
hours, a blood glucose is
taken.
28% NORMAL
3
RANGE: <11.1
mmol/L
 LESSON 3:
URINE TESTS
Urine samples are collected for tests such as urinalysis, urine
for culture and sensitivity, and urine toxicology to determine
presence of infection or help diagnose disease.
 URINALYSIS (UA)
1 TEST 3 NORMAL RANGE
EXPLANATION
It checks abnormal levels of protein, Appearance: Clear
sugar, and blood cells or other substances
that may contribute to an illness or Color: Amber Yellow
disease in the body. Odor: Aromatic
pH: 4.6-8.0

2 ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION 4 NORMAL RANGE
Tests the urine for color, clarity,
PROTEIN
odour, concentration, and pH At rest: <50-80 mg/24 hours
(acidity or alkalinity). During exercise: < 250 mg/24 hours
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Newborn: 1.001-1.020
Adult: 1.005-1.030
 URINE C&S (CULTURE &
SENSITIVITY)
1 TEST
EXPLANATION 2 NORMAL RANGE
The urine C & S identifies the
specific bacteria and tests its No bacteria or other
susceptibility to different organisms (such as fungi)
antibiotic agents. This ensures grow in the culture. The
that the proper antibiotic can culture result is positive.
be prescribed to clear up the
infection.
 OTHER URINE TESTS
NORMAL RANGE
The normal range for urine specific
1 URINE gravity is 1.005 to 1.030.
TOXICOLOGY
TEST
EXPLANATION
This test candetect hundreds of drugs
and drug metabolites 3 LEUKOCYTE
NORMAL RANGE
TEST ESTERASE
No unexpected drugs are found in the EXPLANATION
Leukocyte esterase is a urine test to
sample. look for white blood cells and other
signs of infection.
NORMAL RANGE
A negative test result is normal.
2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
TEST
EXPLANATION
A laboratory test that shows the
concentration of all chemical particles
in the urine.
 OTHER URINE TESTS
NORMAL RANGE

pH Test A negative test result is normal.

4
TEST
EXPLANATION
A urine pH test measures the level of 6 URINARY CASTS
acid in urine.
TEST
NORMAL RANGE EXPLANATION
The normal values range from pH 4.6 Can be found when urine is examined
to 8.0. under the microscope during a test
called urinalysis.
The content of a cast can help tell
your health care provider whether
5 KETONES your kidney is healthy or abnormal.
TEST NORMAL RANGE
EXPLANATION
A ketone urine test measures the The absence of cellular casts or
number of ketones in the urine. presence of a few hyaline casts is
normal.
 OTHER URINE TESTS
7 NITRITES IN
URINE
Health care provider may
have ordered a urinalysis as
part of a routine checkup or
if you have symptoms of a
UTI.
8 CRYSTALS IN
CrystalsURINE
in urine test is often
part of a urinalysis, a test that
measures different substances
in your urine.

END OF
LESSON
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