SIMPLE PRESENT

A: S+V (s/es pt pers III sg)

He speaks.

N: S+DO/DOES+NOT+V
He does not speak.

Q: DO/DOES+S+V?
Does he speak?
 USE

 action in the present taking place

once, never or several times
 facts
 actions taking place one after another
 action set by a timetable or schedule
 SIGNAL WORDS
 always, every …,
 never,
 normally,
 often,
 seldom,
 sometimes,
 Usually
 if sentences type I (If I talk, …)
 PRESENT CONTINUOUS

A: S+AM/ARE/IS+ V-ing
He is speaking.
N: S+AM/ARE/IS+NOT+ V-ing
He is not speaking.
Q: AM/ARE/IS+S+ V-ing?
 Is he speaking?
 USE
 action taking place in the
moment of speaking

 action taking place only for a

limited period of time

 action arranged for the future

 SIGNAL WORDS
 at the moment,  Look!,
 just,  now,
 just now,  right now
 Listen!,
 SIMPLE PAST
A: S+V+ed pt vb reg
II form pt vb nereg
He spoke.
N: S+DID+NOT+V
He did not speak.
Q: DID+S+V?
Did he speak?
 USE

-action in the past taking place

once, never or several times
-actions taking place one after
another
-action taking place in the middle
of another action
 SIGNAL WORDS
 yesterday,
 2 minutes ago,
 in 1990,
 the other day,
 last Friday
 if sentence type II (If I talked, )
 PAST CONTINUOUS
A: S+WAS/WERE+V-ing
He was speaking.
N: S+WAS/WERE+NOT+V-ing
He was not speaking.
Q: WAS/WERE+S+V-ing
Was he speaking?
 USE
 action going on at a certain time in the
past
 actions taking place at the same time
 action in the past that is interrupted by
another action
SIGNAL WORDS

 when,
 while,

 as long as
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
A: S+HAVE/HAS+ Ved/ III form
He has spoken.

N: S+ HAVE/HAS+NOT+ Ved/ III form

He has not spoken.

Q: HAVE/HAS+S+ Ved/ III form

Has he spoken?
 USE
 putting emphasis on the result
 action that is still going on
 action that stopped recently
 finished action that has an influence on
the present
 action that has taken place once, never or
several times before the moment of
speaking
 SIGNAL
 already,
 ever,
 just,
 never,
 not yet,
 so far,
 till now,
 up to now
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

A: S+HAVE/HAS+BEEN+V-ing
She has been waiting.
 
N: S+HAVE/HAS+NOT+BEEN+V-ing
She has not been waiting.
 
Q: HAVE/HAS+S+BEEN+V-ing?
Has she been waiting?
 USE
 puts emphasis on the duration or course
of an action (not the result)

 action that recently stopped or is still

going on

- finished action that influenced the

present
 SIGNAL WORDS
 all day,
 for 4 years,
 since 1993,
 how long?,
 the whole week
 PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
A: S+HAD+ Ved/ III form
He had spoken.

N: S+HAD+NOT+ Ved/ III form

He had not spoken.

Q: HAD+S+ Ved/ III form

Had he spoken?
 USE
 action taking place before a certain time
in the past

 sometimes interchangeable with past

perfect progressive

 putting emphasis only on the fact (not

the duration)
 SIGNAL WORDS
 already,
 just,
 never,
 not yet,
 once,
 until that day
 if sentence type III (If I had talked, …)
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

A: S+HAD+ BEEN+V-ing
He had been speaking

N: S+HAD+NOT+ BEEN+ V-ing

He had not been speaking.

Q: HAD+S+ BEEN+ V-ing

Had he been speaking?
 USE
 action taking place before a certain
time in the past

 sometimes interchangeable with past

perfect simple

 puts emphasis on the course or

duration of an action
 SIGNAL WORDS

 for,
 since,

 the whole day,

 all day
 FUTURE I SIMPLE

A: S+WILL/SHALL+V.
He will speak.

N: S+WILL/SHALL+NOT+V.
He will not speak.

Q: WILL/SHALL+S+V.
Will he speak?
 USE
 action in the future that cannot be
influenced

 unplanned decision

 assumption with regard to the

future
 SIGNAL WORDS

 in a year,
 next …,
 tomorrow
 If-sentences Type I (If you ask her, she will help
you.)
 assumption: I think, probably, we might …,
perhaps
 FUTURE I CONTINUOUS
A: S+WILL/SHALL+BE+V-ing
He will be talking.

N: S+WILL/SHALL+NOT+BE+V-ing
He will not be talking.

Q: WILL/SHALL+S+BE+V-ing
Will he be talking?
 USE

 action that is going on at a certain

time in the future

 action that is sure to happen in the

near future
SIGNAL WORDS

 in one year,
 next week,

 tomorrow
 “TO BE GOING TO” FUTURE

A:S+AM/ARE/IS+GOING TO+V
He is going to speak.

N: S+AM/ARE/IS+NOT+GOING TO+V
He is not going to speak.

Q: AM/ARE/IS+S+GOING TO+V?
Is he going to speak?
 USE

 decision made for the future

 conclusion with regard to the future
SIGNAL WORDS

 in one year,
 next week,

 tomorrow
 FUTURE II SIMPLE
FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

A: S+WILL/SHALL+HAVE+ Ved/ III form

He will have talked.

N: S+WILL/SHALL+NOT+HAVE+Ved/ III form

He will not have talked.

Q: WILL/SHALL+S+HAVE+Ved/ III form?

Will he have talked?
 USE

- action that will be finished at a

certain time in the future
SIGNAL WORDS

 by Monday,
 in a week
FUTURE II CONTINUOUS
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

A: S+WILL/SHALL+HAVE+BEEN+ V-ing
He will have been talking.

N: S+WILL/SHALL+NOT+HAVE+BEEN+ V-ing
He will not have been talking.

Q: WILL/SHALL+S+HAVE+BEEN+ V-ing
Will he have been talking?
 USE

 action taking place before a certain time

in the future

 puts emphasis on the duration of an

action
 SIGNAL WORDS

 for ...,
 the last couple of hours,
 all day long
FUTURE SIMPLE IN THE PAST
PRESENT CONDITIONAL

A:S+WOULD+V
He would speak.

N: S+WOULD+NOT+V.
He would not speak.

Q: WOULD+S+V?
Would he speak?
 USE

 action that might take place

 if clause type II (If I were you, I

would go home.)
FUTURE CONTINUOUS IN THE PAST
PRESENT CONDITIONAL

A: S+WOULD+BE+V-ing
He would be talking.

N: S+WOULD+NOT+BE+V-ing.
He would not be talking.

Q: WOULD+S+BE+V-ing?
Would he be talking?
 USE

 action that might take place

 puts emphasis on the duration of an

action
FUTURE PERFECT IN THE PAST S
PAST CONDITIONAL

A: S+WOULD+HAVE+Ved/ III form

He would have talked.

N: S+WOULD+NOT+HAVE+Ved/ III form

He would not have talked.

Q: WOULD+S+HAVE+Ved/ III form?

Would he have talked?
 USE
 action that could have taken place in the
past

 if causes type III (If I had seen that, I

would have helped.)
 FUTURE PERFECT IN THE PAST C
PAST CONDITIONAL

A: S+WOULD+HAVE+BEEN+ V-ing
He would have been talking.

N: S+WOULD+NOT+HAVE+BEEN+ V-ing
He would not have been talking.

Q: WOULD+S+HAVE+BEEN+ V-ing?
Would he have been talking?
 USE

 action that could have taken place in the

past

 puts emphasis on the course / duration

of an action