Craft of Education Policy

and Evaluation

Presented to: Dr.Abdul Waheed

Presented by:Abdul Khaliq
What is Policy

A policy is a typically described

as deliberate plan of action to
guide decisions and achieve
rational outcomes.
 Policy

 It is a protocol, principle or rule to guide

decisions and achieve rational outcomes.

Plan: A detailed proposal of doing or

achieving something.
 Draft: To create the wording of the

document is called document.

 Types of Policies
 Policies may be classified in many different
ways. The following is a sample of several
different types of policies broken down by
their effect on members of the organization.
 Distributive policies
 Regulatory policies
 Constituent policies
 Miscellaneous policies;
 Distributive policies
 Distributive policies extend goods and
services to members of an organization, as
well as distributing the costs of the
goods/services amongst the members of the
organization. Examples include government
policies that impact spending for welfare,
public education, highways, and public safety,
or a professional organization's benefits plan.
 Regulatory policies
 Regulatory policies, or mandates, limit the
discretion of individuals and agencies, or
otherwise compel certain types of behavior.
These policies are generally thought to be
best applied when good behavior can be
easily defined and bad behavior can be easily
regulated and punished through fines or
sanctions. An example of a fairly successful
public regulatory policy is that of a speed
limit.
 Constituent policies
 Constituent policies create executive power

entities, or deal with laws. Constituent policies

also deal with Fiscal Policy in some
circumstances.
 Miscellaneous policies
 Miscellaneous policies; Policies are
dynamic; they are not just static lists of goals
or laws. Policy blueprints have to be
implemented, often with unexpected results.
Social policies are what happens 'on the
ground' when they are implemented, as well
as what happens at the decision making or
legislative stage.
 Impacts of Policies

 Intended Effects

 The intended effects of a policy vary widely

according to the organization and the context in

which they are made. Broadly, policies are
typically instituted to avoid some negative effect
that has been noticed in the organization, or to
seek some positive benefit.
 Unintended effects

 Unintended effects
 Policies frequently have side effects or unintended

consequences. Because the environments that policies seek

to influence or manipulate are typically complex adaptive
systems (e.x. governments, societies, large companies),
making a policy change can have counterintuitive results. For
example, a government may make a policy decision to raise
taxes, in hopes of increasing overall tax revenue.
 Educational Policy

 Education policy refers to the collection

laws and rules that governs the

operation of education system.
 Public Policy

 Public Policy refers to a process which

helps any system to solve public system.
 Public policy consists of all those authoritative

public decisions that governments make.

 Public Policy Making Includes:

 A set of issues or problems

 The individuals and groups who seek to

influence policy making

 The decisions made by the state as a result

 The consequences of those decisions

The policy making process can differ in

 Democratic and authoritarian states

 Developed and developing countries

 Unitary and Federal systems

 Parliamentary and Presidential systems

Public Policies
 Governments engage in various forms of
public policy
 Many are directed at the major challenges
facing contemporary states:
 Building community
 Fostering development
 Securing democracy and rights
 Public Policies
 Public policies may be summarized and
compared according to outputs classified into
four headings:
 Distribution
 Extraction
 Regulation
 Symbolic outputs
 Distribution
 Of money, goods, and services - to citizens, residents
and clients of the state
 Laswell - “who gets what, when, and how”
 Distributive policy profiles
 Health, education, and national defense consume
the largest proportion of government spending
across the world.
 Developed countries: generally allocate from one
half to two thirds of their central government
expenditures to education, health, and welfare
 Extraction
 Direct extraction of services
 Compulsory military service, jury duty, or
compulsory labor imposed on those convicted of
crime
 Direct resource extraction
 Taxation
 Direct taxes
 Indirect taxes
 Progressive tax structure
 Regressive tax structure
 Regulation
 Regulation is the exercise of political control
over the behavior of individuals and groups in
society.
 Most contemporary governments are both
welfare states and regulatory states.
 Government regulate:
 By legal means
 By offering material or financial inducements
 By persuasion or moral exhortation
 Community-Building and
Symbolic Policies
 Intended to enhance people’s national
identity, civil pride, or trust in
government
 Enhance other areas of performance:
 Make people pay their taxes more readily
and honestly
 Comply with law more faithfully
 Accept sacrifice, danger, and hardship
 Elements of Education Policy
 Problem Identification
 Agenda Setting
 Policy Formulation
 Decision Making
 Policy Implementation
 What is Policy Text?

Policy as text is the element

of policy that can be worked
on, interpreted and
contextualized (Ozga 2000).
 Essentials of Policy Texts:
 Policy should be written in plain English.
 It should be clear and concise.
 Policy document should avoid Jargons.
 Policy should avoid complex language and
long paragraphs.
 Use the present tense and active voice
where possible.
 It should limit the use of shall and should.
 Essentials of Policy Texts:
 Policy should avoid gender specific
pronouns. For example use they instead
of He or she.
 Policy should give full terms/title before
using the acronyms.
 Policy should follow the approved
format
 Write, Edit, Rewrite, Edit and Re-write
 Essentials of Policy Texts:
 Policy manual should look professional.
(quality printing, balance between text and
visual)
 Policy document should include the letter
from the concerned higher authorities.
 Prepare a PDF version for electronic
distribution.
 Policy document should include the list of
contact persons in case of any query.
 Needs of Educational Policy
 There are some needs of educational policy like
 Education For All (EFA)
 Enrolment in Primary Education (UPE)
 Policy Provision
 Gender Disparity
 Curriculum and Text Books
 Teacher’s Effectiveness
 Equity
 Early Childhood Education (ECE)
 Needs of Educational Policy
 Skillful citizens
 National Agenda
 Character Building of students
 Conformity with ideology of Islam
 MDGs
 Provision of Basic Facilities
 National Cohesion
 Human Resource Development (HRD)
 Needs of Educational Policy
 Islamization of Education
 Promotion of Higher Education
 Religious Insight
 Emphasis on national and Technical Education
 Increase in literacy rate
 Setting standards for education
 Mobilising resources for education
 Getting stakeholders involved
 Needs of Educational Policy
 Literacy and Non-Formal learning
 Raising the Quality of Education
 Improving teacher quality
 Curriculum reform
 Quality in textbooks and learning materials
 Improving student assessment
 Matching with the labour market
 Strengthening Skill Development and Innovation
 Needs of Educational Policy
 Quality Assurance in Education
 Inclusive Education
 Medium of Instruction
 Safeguard the Religious and Spiritual values
 Economic Development
 Religious Insight
 Focus on Educational Assessment and
Evaluation
 Character building
 Implementation of Policy

 Implementation of Policy is the adoption

of the ptolicy at grass roots level.

 Policy Tool
Policy tool can be defined as setting
different procedures to achieve the
targets or desired goals.
 Academic Tool
 Administrative Tool
 Management Tool
 Implementation Tool
 Evaluation Tool
 Academic Tool
 Curriculum
 Guidance Notebooks and Documents
 Manuals
 Administrative Tool
 Departments
 Institutions
 Position
Management Tool
 Human Resource
 Department Deans, Heads etc
 Project Managers
 Advisors
Implementation Tool
 Monitoring Unit
 Data Base Agencies
 All members and people involved from
problem identification to implementation
 Procedures
 Action Plans
 Evaluation Tool
 Performance Standards
 Benchmarks
 Quality Indicators
 Evaluation Forms
 Questionnaire
 Surveys
Education policy analysis
 Education policy analysis is the scholarly

study of education policy. It seeks to answer

questions about the purpose of education, the
objectives (societal and personal) that it is
designed to attain, the methods for attaining
them and the tools for measuring their
success or failure.
 Policy Evaluation

 It a systematic process for assessing the

design, implementation and outcomes of public

policies.
 Evaluation uses social sciences research

methods, includes Qualitative and Quantitative

Research techniques, to examine the effects of
policies.
 Policy information
 Policy information determines the kind of
information collected, created , organized,
stored, assessed, disseminated and retained.
 Policy information includes the following
areas
 Literacy
 Privatization and distribution of government
 Information
 Freedom of information access
 Policy information
 Protection of personal privacy
 Intellectual property rights
 Retention of archival copies of material
 Citizen’s charter if information rights
Pre Requites for policy Formulation

 Focus on National Ideology and Philosophy

 Evidence based statistics/data of national ,

societal and individual needs

 Views of educational stake holders i.e.

administrators, teachers, parents and

students etc.