CHAPTER

CONTENT

CONTENTS
Preview
2-1 Expressing past time: the simple past
2-2 Spelling of –ing and –ed forms
3 The principal parts of a verb
4 Common irregular verbs: a reference
list
5Regular verbs: pronunciation of –ed endings 2-
6 Simple past and past progressive
2-7 Expressing past time: using time clauses
2-8 Expressing past habit: used to

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CHAPTER 2:
PREVIEW

Alada rides the bus to work.

Yesterday it rained and her clothes got wet.
Today she is taking extra clothes to work.

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CONTENT
CHAPTER 2:
PREVIEW

Alada rides the bus to work.

Yesterday it rained and her clothes got wet.
Today she is taking extra clothes to work.

PRESENT TENSE

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CHAPTER 2:
PREVIEW

Alada rides the bus to work.

Yesterday it rained and her clothes got wet.
Today she is taking extra clothes to work.

PRESENT TENSE
PAST TENSE

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2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST

We graduated from college in 2010.

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2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST

(a) Our family ate lunch outside yesterday.

(b) Adrianna studied for six hours last night.

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2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST

(a) Our family ate lunch outside yesterday.

(b) Adrianna studied for six hours last night.

activities or situations
SIMPLE PAST began and ended in the past
(yesterday, last night, in
2007)

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2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST

(c) They watched the movie last night.

(d) Alexandra answered the question yesterday.

watch + ed = watched
answer + ed answered
=
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2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST

(e) We slept in tents at camp last summer.

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2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST

(e) We slept in tents at camp last summer.

(f) I understood most of the directions yesterday.

Irregular past:
sleep slept
understand understood
eat ate
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2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST

(g) I was a lifeguard last summer.

(h) They were in Belgium last month.

Simple past forms of be was and were

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2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST

REGULAR VERBS
STATEMENT I-You-She-He-It-We-They started
school last week.

NEGATIVE I-You-She-He-It-We-They did not start

school last week.

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2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST

REGULAR VERBS
QUESTION Did I-you-she-he-it-we-they start
school last week?

SHORT Yes, I-you-she-he-it-we-they did.

ANSWER No, I-you-she-he-it-we-they
didn’t.

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2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST

BE- VERB
STATEMENT I-She-He-It was home last week.
We-You-They were home last week.

NEGATIVE I-She-He-It was not home last week.

We-You-They were not home last week.

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2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST

BE- VERB
QUESTION Was I-she-he-it home last week?
Were we-you-they home last week?

SHORT Yes, I-she-he-it was.

ANSWER Yes, we-you-they were.
No, I-she-he-it- wasn’t.
No, we-you-they weren’t.

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2-1 LET’S PRACTICE

They were at the movies last

night at 8:00. ?

is

NEGATIVE STATEMENT:

They _w_eren_t’_ at the movies last night at

8:00. ACCURATE, AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT:

They _were_at the grocery store last night at 8:00.

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2-1 LET’S PRACTICE CONTENT

This airplane was made

in 1625. ?
194 is
3
NEGATIVE STATEMENT:

This airplane _was_n_t’_ made in

1625. AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT:
ACCURATE,

This airplane was made in 1943.

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2-1 LET’S PRACTICE CONTENT

Did Carla get a bad grade

on her test?
get
?
NEGATIVE STATEMENT:

Carla did_n_’t_get_ a bad grade on her

test.
ACCURATE, AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT:
Carla g_ot an excellent grade on her test.
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2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS

We are learning to speak English.

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2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS

END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?

-e NO
(a)

smilleei
ndg
hoppee i
-ing form: drop -e, add -ing
ndg -ed form: add -d
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2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS

END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?

Two Consonants NO
(b)

helllpein
dg Two consonants
learrnei add -ing
ndg add -ed

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2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS

END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?

Two Vowels NO
+ One Consonant

(c)
raaiiineindg
heeaatein
dg
Tw
o 22
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2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS

ONE-SYLLABLE VERBS
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
One Vowel YES
+ One Consonant

(d) stoop
eindg
plaan eindg
Double the consonant and
add -ing
add -ed
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2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS

TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
One Vowel NO
+ One Consonant

(e)
vvviissiitten
id
g
offffeerrein
First syllable stressed add -
dg ing
add -ed 24
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2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS

TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
One Vowel YES
+ One Consonant

(f) prefer preferring preferred

admit admitted
admitting
Second syllable stressed, add -ing
double the consonant add -ed
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2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS

END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?

-y NO

(g) play playing played

enjoy enjoying enjoyed

vowel + -y keep the -y

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2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS

END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?

-y NO

(h) worry worrying worried

study
studying studied
consonant + -y -y + -ing

--yi +
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2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS

END OF VERB
-ie

(i) die dying died

tie tying
tied
-ie -y + -ing
add -d
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2-2 LET’S PRACTICE

rain
-ING form raining
-ED form
rained

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CONTENT
2-2 LET’S PRACTICE

study
-ING form
_studying
-ED form
studied

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2-2 LET’S PRACTICE

-ING form lying

lie
-ED form
lied _
Please don’t
lie to me!

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2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB

They became friends.

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2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB

SIMPLE FORM
Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs
finish see
hope
try sing
go

Simple Form
No final –s, –ed, or –ing

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2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB

SIMPLE PAST
Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs
finished saw
hoped sang
tried
went

Simple Past
–ed for regular
verbs

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2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB

PAST PARTICIPLE
Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs
finished seen
hoped
tried sung

Past Participle gone

–ed for regular verbs
perfect tenses & passive

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2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB

PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs
finishing seeing
hoping
trying singing
going
Present Participle
–ing for all verbs
used with progressive
tenses
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2-4 COMMON IRREGULAR
VERBS: A REFERENCE LIST

Somebody spent all my money.

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CONTENT
2-4 COMMON IRREGULAR
VERBS: A REFERENCE LIST

SIMPLE FORM: awake

SIMPLE PAST: awoke
PAST PARTICIPLE: awoken

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2-4 COMMON IRREGULAR
VERBS: A REFERENCE LIST

SIMPLE FORM: forget

SIMPLE PAST: forgot

PAST PARTICIPLE: forgotten

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2-4 COMMON IRREGULAR
VERBS: A REFERENCE LIST

SIMPLE FORM: shave

SIMPLE PAST: shaved
PAST PARTICIPLE: shaved/shaven

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2-4 COMMON IRREGULAR
VERBS: A REFERENCE LIST

SIMPLE FORM: throw

SIMPLE PAST: threw
PAST PARTICIPLE: thrown

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2-4 LET’S PRACTICE

SIMPLE FORM: give

SIMPLE PAST: gave

PAST PARTICIPLE:
g__vi en_

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2-4 LET’S PRACTICE

SIMPLE FORM: sit

SIMPLE PAST: sat
PAST PARTICIPLE: sat

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2-4 LET’S PRACTICE

SIMPLE FORM: read

SIMPLE PAST: read

PAST PARTICIPLE: read

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2-5 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED
ENDINGS

She talked to me for an hour.

talk/t/

talked

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2-5 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED
ENDINGS

(a) talkked = talk/t/

stopppped = stop/t/
hissed = hiss/t/
watched = watch/t/
washed = wash/t/

voiceless sound + - /t/

ed

examples: /k/, /p/

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2-5 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED
ENDINGS

(a) talked = talk/t/

stopped = stop/t/
hissssed = hiss/t/
watcchhed =
watch/t/ wasshhed
= wash/t/
voiceless sound +-ed /t/

examples: /k/, /p/,

/s/,/ch/,/sh/ 47
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2-5 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED
ENDINGS

(b) calllled = call/d/

rainned = rain/d/
lived = live/d/
robbed = rob/d/
stayed =
stay/d/
voiced sound + - /d/
ed

examples: /l/, /n/

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2-5 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED
ENDINGS

(b) called = call/d/

rained = rain/d/
livved = live/d/
robbbbed =
rob/d/ stayyed
= stay/d/

voiced sound +

-ed
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2-5 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED
ENDINGS

(c) waitted = wait / d/

e
needded = need /
e
d/

“t” or “d” + -ed / d/

e

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2-5 LET’S PRACTICE

1. /t/
behave ? 2. /d/
3. / d/
e

behaved

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2-5 LET’S PRACTICE

behave/d 1. /t/
/ 2. /d/
3. / d/
e

behaved

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2-5 LET’S PRACTICE

1. /t/
plant_? 2. /d/
3. / d/
e

planted

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CONTENT
2-5 LET’S PRACTICE

e 1. /t/
plant_/ d/ 2. /d/
3. / d/
e

planted

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2-6 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE

He ran to work yesterday.

He was running when the bus drove by.

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2-6 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE

THE SIMPLE PAST

X

(a) Edgar ran to work

yesterday.
(b) Pat drove to work this
morning.

began and ended at particular 56

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2-6 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE

THE PAST PROGRESSIVE

X X

(c) Edgar was running when the bus drove by.

(d) They were eating when I got home.

in progress
was/were + -ing
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2-6 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE

THE PAST PROGRESSIVE

X X

(e) When the bus drove by, Edgar was running.

(f) The bus drove by while Edgar was running.

when = at that time

while = during that time
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2-6 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE

STATEMENT I-She-He-It was talking.

You-We-They were talking.

NEGATIVE I-She-He-It was not talking.

wasn’t talking.

You-We-They were not talking.

weren’t talking.

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2-6 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE

QUESTION Was I-she-he-it talking ?

Were you-we- talking ?
they

SHORT Yes, I-she-he-it was.

ANSWER No, I-she-he-it wasn’t.

Yes, you-we-they were.

No, you-we-they weren’t.

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2-6 LET’S PRACTICE

walk

Yesterday, the camels were walking

in the desert.

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2-6 LET’S PRACTICE

At 8:00, we began to work.

work
At 8:30, we _w_ere_working .

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2-6 LET’S PRACTICE

wait
Marie wa_s_wa_iting_ for the OR
wait
bus. ,
Marie wa s
_ _ n’
t for a plane.
not
w_a_it_in_g

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2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES

Our son called while we were using

the computer.

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2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES

time clause main clause

(a) After I exercised, I took a shower.

main clause time clause

(b) I took a shower after I exercised.

(a) time clause main clause

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time clause main clause

(a) After I exercised, I took a shower.

main clause time clause

(b) I took a shower after I exercised.

(b) main clause time clause

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2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES

(c) I took a shower after I exercised.

(d) Before I took a shower, I exercised.

after
before
until subject a time
+ =
as soon as and verb
while clause
when

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2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES

(e) I exercised until I took a shower.

(f) As soon as I exercised, I took a shower.

until = to that time and no longer

as soon as = immediately after

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2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES

(g) Mary came home while I was studying.

(h)When Mary came home, I was studying.

main clause + comma + time clause

time clause + comma + main
clause

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2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES

(i) When I rang the doorbell, it played music.

First: I rang the doorbell

Then: it played music

when allows simple past

in both clauses

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2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES

(j) She was learning to ski while he was

playing golf.

two actions at the same time

past progressive okay in both

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2-7 LET’S PRACTICE

attend
work

While we _w_e_re
working_, our children

_w_ere_a_tt_end_ing

school. 72
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2-7 LET’S PRACTICE

fall asleep

read

Lynn fell asleep while she was

reading_ a book.

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2-7 LET’S PRACTICE

First: I went shopping.

Then: I put the food away.

After _I we_n_t sh_o_p_ping_, I

put_t_he food aw_a_y_.

_I _put _th_e fo_od awa_y_ after _I

_w_e_nt sho_ppin_g 74
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2-8 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO

He used to be a baby, but now he is

man with a family.

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2-8 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO

(a) I used to swim every

afternoon. Now I work in the
afternoon.
(b) Fatima used to play piano, but now
she plays the violin.
(c) Jasmine used to laugh, but she
doesn’t anymore.
used to past situations
no longer
used to + simpleexist
form of a verb
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2-8 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO

(d) Did you used to swim every afternoon?

(OR Did you use to swim every afternoon?)

did + subject + used to

(OR did + subject + use to)

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2-8 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO

(e) I didn’t used to swim every day,

but now I swim every afternoon.
(f) Fatima never used to love school,
but now she loves it.

For negative ideas,

never is more common.

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2-8 LET’S PRACTICE

Correct?
The children used to swam in the
ocean.

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2-8 LET’S PRACTICE

Correct? No

The chhiilddrreenn ussed too sswwaimm in the

ocean.

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2-8 LET’S PRACTICE

Correct?
Were you used to ask questions in school?

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2-8 LET’S PRACTICE

Correct? No

WDerideyou used to ask questions in

school?

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