EBOLA VIRUS

QUIJANO, GEM EUNICE

B.
 INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE
Ebola hemorrhagic fever (Ebola HF) is one
of numerous Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. It is
a severe, often fatal disease in humans and
nonhuman primates (such as monkeys,
gorillas, and chimpanzees.
.
The disease typically occurs in outbreaks in tropical regions of Sub-SaharanAfrica.
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The largest outbreak to date is the ongoing
2014 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak,
which is affecting Guinea, Sierra
Leone,Liberia and Nigeria.  As of 13
August, 2,127 cases have been identified,
with 1,145 deaths
 FIRST
CASE
The first identified case of Ebola was on 26 August 1976,
inYambuku, a small rural village in Mongala District in
northern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC, then
known as Zaire).  The first victim, and the index case for
the disease, was village school headmaster Mabalo Lokela,
who had toured an area near the CentralAfrican Republic
border along the Ebola river between 12–22August

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 OUTBREAK!
The virus responsible for the initial outbreak, first thought to be Marburg
virus was later identified as a new type of virus related to Marburg, and
named after the nearby Ebola river.

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EVD is caused by four of five
viruses classified in the genus
Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae,
order Mononegavirales
The four disease-causing viruses are
1. Bundibugyo virus (BDBV)
2. 2. Sudan virus (SUDV),
3. 3. Taï Forest virus (TAFV)
4. 4. Ebola virus (EBOV, formerly Zaire Ebola virus).

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HOW DOES IT LOOK LIKE?
✘ Like all filoviruses, ebolavirions are filamentous
particles shape of a shepherd's crook or in the
shape of a "U" or a "6", and they may be coiled,
toroid, or branched.  In general, ebolavirions are
80 nm in width, but vary somewhat in length.

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 HOW IT GOT TRANSMITTED TO
✘ HUMANS
The virus spreads through direct contact (such as through broken skin or mucous membranes in the eyes,
nose, or mouth) with:

✘ Ebola Exposure Calculator

✘ an icon of the Ebola virus
✘ This mobile app estimates when a person with Ebola was exposed to the virus.

✘ Blood or body fluids (urine, saliva, sweat, feces, vomit, breast milk, and semen) of a person who is sick
with or has died from Ebola virus disease (EVD).
✘ Objects (such as clothes, bedding, needles, and medical equipment) contaminated with body fluids from a
person who is sick with or has died from EVD.
✘ Infected fruit bats or nonhuman primates (such as apes and monkeys).
✘ Semen from a man who recovered from EVD (through oral, vaginal, or anal sex). The virus can remain in
certain body fluids (including semen) of a patient who has recovered from EVD, even if they no longer
have symptoms of severe illness. There is no evidence that Ebola can be spread through sex or other
contact with vaginal fluids from a woman who has had Ebola.

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 SM I S SI O N
TR A N Ebola then sp
r e a d s in th e community th
ro u
lting from dir
g h
e
h
c t
u
c
m
o
a
n
n-to-human
ta c t (through
w it h in f e c t io n re s u
e b lo o d , s ec retions,
transmission, u c o u s m e m branes) with
th
, a n d indirect
in o r m p e o p l e
broken sk
b o d il y f lu id s of infected s u c h fluids. 
o r o th e r d w it h
organs
e n v ir o n m e n ts contaminate e c t c o ntact with the
conta c t w it h h a v e d ir
o n ie s in w h ich mourners p l ay a role in the
c e r e m a ls o
Burial
f th e d e c e a s ed person can r e c o v ered from the
bod y o o h a v e
s io n o f E b o la.  Men wh h th e ir s e m e n for up to 7
transmis m it th e virus throug r cooking in
a n s ti ll tra n s p r e p a r e d f o
disease c
c o v e r.  B u shmeat being a l a n im als in Africa
weeks after r e ri
a n c o n s u m p tion of equato tr a n sm is sion of
H u m t h e
Ghana, 2013 a s been linked to
t h e f o rm o f b u s h m e a t h
b o la .y f ro m illness.
in
s e s to p e o p le , including E
disea

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 CONTACT WITH EBOLA
Health-care workers have frequently been
infected while treating patients with
suspected or confirmed EVD.This has
occurred through close contact with patients
when infection control precautions are not
strictly practiced.  Medical workers who
do not wear appropriate protective clothing
may also contract the disease.In the past,
hospital-acquired transmission has occurred
in African hospitals due to the reuse of
needles and lack of universal precautions.
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by contact with contaminated medical
equipment, particularly needles and
syringes.  Semen is infectious in survivors
for up to 50 days.  Transmission through
oral exposure and through conjunctiva
exposure is likelyand has been confirmed in
non-human primates.  The potential for
widespread EVD infections is considered
low as the disease is only spread by direct
contact with the secretions from someone
who is showing signs of infection.
 TRANSMISSION
. Airborne transmission has not been documented during previous
EVD outbreaks.  They are, however, infectious as breathable 0.8–
to 1.2-μm laboratory-generated droplets; because of this potential
route of infection, these viruses have been classified asCategory A
biological weapons.  Recently, the virus has been shown to travel
without contact from pigs to nonhuman primates, although the same
study failed to achieve transmission in that manner between primates.
 Bats drop partially eaten fruits and pulp, then land mammals such
as gorillas feed on these fallen fruits.This chain of events forms a
possible indirect means of transmission from the natural host to
animal populations, which has led to research towards viral shedding
in the saliva of bats.

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 Signs and symptoms of Ebola usually begin
suddenly with am influenza-like stage
characterized by fatigue, fever, headaches, joint,
muscle and abdominal pain.  Vomiting, diarrhea
and loss of appetite are also common.  Less
common symptoms include: sore throat, chest
SIGNS AND pain, hiccups, shortness of breath and trouble
SYMPTOMS swallowing.  The average time between
contracting the infection and the start of
symptoms is 8 to 10 days, but it can vary between
2 and 21 days.  Skin manifestations may include
a maculopapular rash (in about 50% of cases). 
Early symptoms of EVD may be similar to those
of malaria, dengue fever or other tropical fevers,
before the disease progresses to the bleeding
phase..

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✘ In 40–50% of cases, bleeding from puncture sites and mucous membranes (e.g.
gastrointestinal tract, nose, vagina and gums) has been reported.  In the bleeding
phase, which typically starts 5 to 7 days after first symptoms internal and
subcutaneous bleeding may present itself through reddening of the eyes and bloody
vomit.  Bleeding into the skin may create petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses and
hematomas (especially around needle injection sites).  Types of bleeding known to
occur with Ebola virus disease include vomiting blood, coughing it up or blood in the
stool. Heavy bleeding is rare and is usually confined to the gastrointestinal tract.  In
general, the development of bleeding symptoms often indicates a worse prognosis and
this blood loss can result in death.All people infected show some symptoms of
circulatory system involvement, including impaired blood clotting.  If the infected
person does not recover, death due to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome occurs
within 7 to 16 days (usually between days 8 and 9) after first symptoms.

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✘ When in close contact (within 1 metre) of patients
with EBV, health-care workers should wear face
protection (a face shield or a medical mask and
goggles), a clean, non-sterile long-sleeved gown,
and gloves (sterile gloves for some procedures). 
Laboratory workers are also at risk. Samples taken
from suspected human and animal Ebola cases for
diagnosis should be handled by trained staff and
processed in suitably equipped laboratories.

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TREATMENT
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Symptoms of Ebola virus disease (EVD) are treated as they appear. When
used early, basic interventions can significantly improve the chances of
survival. These include:

Providing fluids and electrolytes (body salts) through infusion into the vein
(intravenously).
Offering oxygen therapy to maintain oxygen status.
Using medication to support blood pressure, reduce vomiting and diarrhea
and to manage fever and pain.
Treating other infections, if they occur.
Antiviral Drugs
There is currently no antiviral drug licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) to treat EVD in people.

During the 2018 eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo outbreak, four
investigational treatments were initially available to treat patients with
confirmed Ebola. For two of those treatments, called regeneron (REGN-
EB3) and mAb114, overall survival was much higher. These two antiviral
drugs currently remain in use for patients with confirmed Ebola.

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VIDEO
https://youtu.be/XCrOde-JYs0

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 The end
THANKS!
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