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001lecture Petroleum Refinery History and Intro B&W 001
001lecture Petroleum Refinery History and Intro B&W 001
&
Introduction to Refinery
Course Outline
• Indigenous and world Oil resources. Crude oil stocks; Characterization and evaluation,
generation of crude processing data, processing plans. Refinery products; properties;
significant tests and standard test methods. Crude pre-heating and preliminary, chemical
and sweetening processes.
• Distillation schemes: atmospheric and vacuum distillation, various cuts. Side stream steam
strippers, kinds of reflux for distillation units. Basic arrangements of fractionating towers,
Distillation trains. Concepts and applications of TBP cut point: TBP overlap & ASTM gap in
distillation practice, relationships between TBP cut point and product ASTM boiling range.
Determination of number of plates in various sections of distillation column for various
cuts using Packie’s approach. Calculation of plate temperatures. Control of product
properties and stabilization. Operation, control & maintenance of distillation units.
• Selection and evaluation of chemical conversion processes: Cracking; Thermal cracking
and decomposition processes; Mechanism and reactions; Coking &Visbreaking.
Hydrocracking. Catalytic cracking: fluidized-bed catalytic cracking unit. Catalytic reforming:
Isomerization, Hydrotreating.
• Lubricating Oil Processing: Lube deasphalting and dewaxing processes: Hydrofinishing.
Production of asphalts & waxes. New trends in lube oil deasphalting, solvent extraction.
• Miscellaneous Topics: Refinery corrosion and metals. Refinery gases. Flare systems.
environmental concerns. Blending plants: Use of linear programming techniques to solve
refinery blending and production problems. Refinery economics, product design and
marketing.
Recommended Books:
• Nelson, W.L. “Petroleum Refinery Engineering” 1958. McGraw-Hill Book Company
• Gary, J.H. and Handwerk, G.E. “Petroleum Refining: Technology and Economics” 4 th
Ed. 2001. Taylor & Francis.
• Hengstebeck, R.J. “Petroleum Processing” 1959. McGraw-Hill.
• Speight, J.G.“The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum” 5 th Ed. 2014. CRC Press.
• Watkins, R.N. “Petroleum Refinery Distillation” 2nd Ed. 1979. Gulf Publishing
Company.
• H. K. Abdel-Aal, Bakr A. Bakr & M. A. Al-Sahlawi “Petroleum Economics and
Engineering” 2nd Ed. 1992. Marcel Dekker.
• Hydrocarbon Fuels, E.M. Goodger, E.M. “Hydrocarbon fuels: production,
properties, and performance of liquids and gases” 1975 (digitized in 2011).
Macmillan.
• Wayne C. Edmister “Applied Hydrocarbon Thermodynamics” 2 nd Ed. 1984. Gulf
Pub. Co.
Describe history of refining, raw materials, products and
their composition, overall process operation of oil refining
CLO 1 plant, processes and operations of a petroleum refinery,
main components of the refinery plant and their functions
Carry out characterization of crude oil and petroleum
products using various developed correlations based on
CLO 2
various physical and chemical test methods
• Marine Realm
– Remains of free-floating planktonic organisms
• Plankton are rich in lipids
– Terrestrial plant has cellulose and lignin
Formation of Oil
• Marine Realm
– Remains of free-
floating planktonic
organisms
• Plankton are rich in
lipids
– Terrestrial plant has
cellulose and lignin
B. Formation of Oil
Depth represents
Increase in time
Increase in temperature
Increase in pressure
B. Formation of Oil
• Diagenesis
– Surface to about ½ km, T , 50°C; CH4
• Catagenesis
– 50 to 150°C, P about 1.5 Kbar
– Compaction of sediment, expulsion of water
– Organic matter becomes kerogen and liquid
petroleum—biogenic gas decreases, however
some formed by thermal cracking of kerogen
– Wet gas: methane+ethane+propane+butane
B. Formation of Oil
• Metagenesis
– Greater than 4 km, and 150°C
– Dry gas
– C rich residue
– Graphite developed
Pakistan Oil Reserves
• With the total reserves of oil (0.31 billion barrels)
Gas (30 TCF), coal (185 billion tons) and
shale gas reserves (51 TCF).
• The production of oil in the country is only 59.08
thousand bbl/day and the consumption is 426.72
thousands bbl/day
• A. History of Use
• B. Formation of Oil
• C. Concentration of Oil
• D. Oil Recovery
• E. Oil Refining
• F. Where is the oil?
• G. How long will it last?
• H. What are the environmental Concerns?
• I. Real cost of oil
D. Oil Recovery
• Initially used
cable tool
drills
D. Oil Recovery
Water drive
WATER DRIVE
What is the Drive
Mechanism?
A reservoir-drive
mechanism whereby
the oil is driven
through the reservoir
by an active aquifer. As
the reservoir depletes,
the water moving in
from the aquifer below
displaces the oil until
the aquifer energy is
expended or the well
eventually produces
too much water to be
viable.
A gas-drive
system
utilizes the
energy of the
reservoir gas,
identifiable as
either as free
or solution
gas, to
produce
reservoir
liquids.
– HOW??
E. Oil Refining
• Thermal Cracking
• Catalytic Cracking
– adds H, hydrogenation and thus increase the gas
productions
• Contaminants
– Sulphur, Vanadium, Nickel