CHAPTER 3: Dimensions of

word meaning
NHÓM 4
 Brief review
Synonymy Definition:
- Synonymy is the relationship between two words that have same
sense.
- Synonymy is the word of the same parts of speech which have similar
meaning but not identical meanings.
● Eg 1:
Big – Large
● Happy - Glad
● Father - Dad
● And its also differ from each other in terms of denotation or
connotation.
 Brief review
● ▪ Classification:
- Absolute synonyms: following three conditions:
+ All their meanings are identical (1)
+ Synonymous in all contexts (2)
+ Semantically equivalent on all dimension of meanings and
descriptive and non-descriptive. (3)
=> extremely rare
- Partical synonyms: following two conditions: 2&3
Eg: fat/plump
- Near synonyms: differ in term of denotation
Eg: like/love
 Brief review
● ▪TYPES OF SYNONYMS :
Absolute
synonyms
( đồng nghĩa
tuyệt đối) Semantic
Euphemisms synonyms( T
(Uyển ngữ) ừ đồng nghĩa
ngữ nghĩa)

Stylistic
Territorial
Synonyms
Classifi synonyms
(đồng nghĩa dị
cation (đồng nghĩa dị
vùng miền) biểu niệm)

Semantic-
Phraseological stylistic
synonyms synonyms
( đồng nghĩa dị ( đồng nghĩa dị
kết hợp) biểu niệm, biểu
thái)
1, Absolute synonyms(Đồng nghĩa hoàn toàn)

● ▪ Definition
● It is rare, if exist , often terms which are devoid of
connotation or emotional colouring.

● Eg:
● fartherland/mortherland
2. Semantic synonyms
( Đồng nghĩa ngữ nghĩa)

● It differs in terms of the denotation( nghĩa biểu niệm).

● Eg:
● Look - Stare - Gaze- Glance : nhìn
● - “Look”: là nhìn một cách cụ thể, trực tiếp để xem
● - “Stare’’: là nhìn chằm chằm hay tò mò một cái gì đó.
● -“ Gaze”: là nhìn ai hay cái gì đó chằm chằm.
● - “ Glance” : liếc nhìn , nhìn nhanh và đột ngột.
3. Stylistic synonyms
( Từ đồng nghĩa dị biểu niệm)

● It differs in terms of the connotation (nghĩa biểu thái).

● Eg:
● Policeman – bobby – cop: Cảnh sát
● Policeman : cách gọi trang trọng.
● Bobby: cách gọi ít sự tôn trọng.
● Cop : cách gọi thiếu sự tôn trọng.
4. Semantic- stylistic synonysms.
( Đồng nghĩa dị biểu niệm, biểu thái).

● It is popular, differs in both denotation and

connotation.
● Eg:
● House – shack – slum : nơi sinh sống.

● - House : là nơi sống đầy đủ và tiện nghi.

● - shack : là nơi tạm bợ, thô sơ.
● - slum : là nơi tối tăm , bẩn thỉu
5. Phraseological synonyms.
( Đồng nghĩa dị kết hợp)

● - It differs in collocation.
● Eg:
● Do and Make : Làm ( nhưng chúng khác nhau
về cách sử dụng)

● - Do : là tiến hành, thực hiện.

● do exercises , do business, do painting
● Make : tạo ra hoặc chế tạo.
● make tea, coffee, make a fine, make money
 6. Territorical synonyms:
( Đồng nghĩa dị vùng miền)

● - Use in different regions.

● Eg:
● British American
● toilets rest room
● cinema movie theatre
● vest undershirt
7. Euphemisms: (Uyển Ngữ)

● inoffensive expressions substitute for offensive

or upsetting ones.
● Eg:
● shut up – keep silent – be quite: im lặng
● Shut up: thô lỗ, thiếu lịch sự, tức giận
● Keep silent : tế nhị, khiếm nhã
● Be quite : nói nhẹ nhàng, lịch sự.
 Sources of synonyms:
● 1.Borrowing (từ vay mượn)

● 2. The change of meaning (metaphor & metonymy):

● Eg: Phoenix-flower – summer
Lotus - Vietnamese people

● 3. Word-building( cấu tạo từ):

● + Use of Phrasal Verbs ( sử dụng cụm động từ):

Eg: to abandon – to give up (từ bỏ)
to enter – to come in (đi vào)

● + Conversion( hình thức chuyển đổi từ)

● :Eg: beauty-beautiful
build – builder
● + Shortening( hình thức rút gọn):
● Eg: examinations - exams
microphone – mike

● + Derivtion and composition ( sử dụng từ phái sinh):

● Eg: sane – insanity
 V. Antonymy
( Hiện tượng trái nghĩa)
● - is a sense relation which exists between word of opposite meaning, or sense.
● - word that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms.
● - And it belong to the same semantic field.

● Eg.
● Strong >< weak
● ( well being)
● good >< bad
● (quality)
● beautiful >< ugly
● (appearance)
● White >< black
● ( color)
 Antonyms
proper
( từ trái nghiã
tương đối)
Lyon’s Complementary
classificatio antonyms
n ( từ trái nghĩa
phủ định
Relational
antonyms
( từ trái nghĩa
Types đảo vai)

Root word
antonyms
( từ trái nghĩa
Conventional gốc)
classification
Derivational
antonyms( từ
trái nghĩa phái
sinh)
 VI. Lexical variant and paronyms
(Từ biến thể và từ viết tắt)
● - Lexical variants for one are just example of free variation language, optional with
speakers.
● - Lexical variants is the differences in words or phrases, by comparing the way
English is spoken in different places.
●
Eg 1: humour (British English) – humor (American English)
● organise (British English)- organize (American English)
● Eg2 :difference in pronounce
● - Words derived from a stem are of course synonymous
● Eg: industry - industrial – industrialize
● - Paronyms are words that are kindred in origin, sound, form and meaning but
different in meaning and usage.
● Eg: ingenious vs. ingenuous-------------- Affect vs. effect

● Some call them false

friends.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 02 03

Naming Denotation and Reference

Reference and sense
 1.Naming

-According to the theory of naming:

the word is the signifier which
stands for an object.
e.g:  It is a beautiful car, isn’t it?
 That is a dog

-This theory works well with nouns,not

with all parts of speech.
 2.Denotation and Reference

-Denotation is the ability of a word to identify all

those things or objects that are correctly covered
by it.
-It is the conceptual component of the lexical
meaning of a word.
-The denotation of a word is the invariant and
utterance-independent part of meaning which the
word has in the language system, independently
of its use on particular occasions of utterances.
For example :
‘Flower’: denotes all of those in
real world that can be
considered flowers such as
daisy, lotus, or even a
drawing.
For example :
‘‘House”:
denotes all of those in real
world that can be
considered houses such
as highrise building, villa,
condominium, house-
boat,....
For example :

‘‘Tree’: denotes all of those

in real world that can be
considered trees such
as pine, beech,...
● E.G:
● Watch out for the dog!!!
● => The phrase “ the dog” in this situation is used to prefer to this dog that they
have in front of them. So when the speaker said the dog, the speaker intends to
prefer this dog. And so the dog is the object of this reference
● => We call the referent.
 Relation between denotation
and reference
-In this case, reference is limited to specific reference which picks out precise things,
referent, in the world.
-Generic reference is seen as the process of denotation. Reference is thus a particular
form of denotation.
 3.Reference and sense
-The reference of a word is the relation between
the word and the object that the word refers to.

-The expression that refers to someone or

something in a context is called referring
expression , i.e. it is used with a particular
referent in the speaker’s mind.
-There may exist a number of
referring expressions for one
and the same referent.

Eg:
-Donald Trump

-The president of USA

-Star of the Apprentice Show

-Orange
 SENSE
1. Definition
- The sense of word is the concept
expressed by the word.
- It is the semantic meaning which
the word has in any context.

- Another way to see sense is that

it is the composite of the
conceptual and associative
meaning.
- in talking of sense, we
deal with the
relationships the
language.

Eg:
- Sense is sometimes
distinguished from
meaning. The former is
the realization of the
meaning in speech
whereas the latter is
seen as part of the
language system.

Eg:
SENSE

Venus has a beautiful name and is the

second planet from the Sun. It’s terribly
hot—even hotter than Mercury—and its
atmosphere is extremely poisonous. It’s
the second-brightest natural object in
the night sky after the Moon
“This is a quote. Words full of wisdom
that someone important said and can
make the reader get inspired.”

—Someone Famous
A picture is worth a
thousand words
 DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS

MERCURY SATURN MARS VENUS

It’s the closest It’s the ringed one, Despite being red, Venus has a
planet to the Sun composed mostly Mars is actually a beautiful name
and the smallest of hydrogen and cold place. It’s full and is the second
one in our Solar helium of iron oxide dust planet from
System the Sun
 FEATURES OF THE TOPIC

MARS JUPITER VENUS

Despite being red, It’s a gas giant and Venus has a beautiful
Mars is actually a the biggest planet in name and is the
cold place. It’s full of our Solar System. second planet from
iron oxide dust, giving Jupiter is the fourth- the Sun. It’s terribly
the planet its reddish brightest object in the hot, even hotter than
cast sky Mercury
Remember that big
numbers grab a lot
7.2M
of attention

10K You can use them to

make an impression

In Spain, a comma is

33,400
used as a decimal
separator
 PRACTICAL
USES OF THIS
SUBJECT

MERCURY VENUS

It’s the closest planet Venus has a

to the Sun beautiful name

SATURN MARS

Yes, this is the ringed Despite being red,

one Mars is cold
 LESSON DEVELOPMENT

Mercury is the
01 smallest one

Saturn is the ringed

02 one

Despite being red,

03 Mars is cold

Venus has a
04 beautiful name
Despite being red, Mars is
actually a cold place. It’s full of
iron oxide dust, which gives the
planet its reddish cast

Insert your multimedia content here

DID YOU KNOW...?

MERCURY
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun

SATURN
Saturn is the ringed
planet and a gas giant

MARS
Despite being red, Mars
is a cold place
 ...and did you know this?

Despite being red, Mars is

actually a cold place. It’s full of
iron oxide dust, which gives the
planet its reddish cast

If you want to modify this graph, click on it, follow the link, change
the data and replace it here
 PROBLEM SOLUTION

Mercury is the Jupiter is a gas giant

closest planet to the and the biggest
Sun and the smallest planet in our Solar
one in the System. It’s also the
Solar System. It’s only fourth-brightest
a bit larger than our object in the sky
Moon
 OVERVIEW DIAGRAM

PART 1 PART 2

NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH

LESSON 1 LESSON 2 LESSON 3 LESSON 4 LESSON 5

Mercury is Despite Venus is the Saturn is the Neptune is

the closest being red, second ringed the farthest
planet to the Mars is a planet from planet and a planet from
Sun cold place the Sun gas giant the Sun
EXERCISE

?
● Mercury is the closest planet to
the Sun, but does its name have
anything to do with the liquid
metal?

● Contrary to popular belief, no.

The truth is that this planet was
named after the Roman
?
messenger god, Mercury
 ASSIGNMENT

Mercury is the closest planet to the

Sun, and Neptune is the farthest one.
Calculate the distance between these
two planets

?
 OTHER CONCEPTS

MERCURY SATURN VENUS

It’s the smallest This is the ringed Venus has a beautiful

planet in our Solar planet, composed name and is the
System and the mostly of hydrogen second planet from
closest to the Sun and helium the Sun

MARS JUPITER NEPTUNE

Despite being red, Jupiter is a gas giant Neptune is the

Mars is actually a and the biggest farthest planet from
cold place. It’s full of planet in our Solar the Sun and the
iron oxide dust System fourth-largest
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