August 1942 पहलेशुरूपीटना

आंदोलन कियाफिर
जायें
arrest them
AICC Meeting @ Bombay
Quit India Movement
Govt. Arrests all leadership
Public Rampage
Under ground activity, Parallel government

February 1943
Gandhi @ Fast against violence by the govt.

Reasons for famine:

1. Diverting food for army
Famine @ South-west Bengal 2. Rice imports stopped from
1.5 to 3 million people perished Burma and southeast Asia
3. Mismanagement, profiteering
 August 1942 पहलेशुरूपीटना
आंदोलन कियाफिर
जायें
arrest them
Quit India Movement Public Rampage
Govt. Arrests all leadership

February 1943
Gandhi @ Fast against violence by the govt.

Famine @ South-west Bengal

1.5 to 3 million people perished

1944-45
Rajagopalachari formula (1944)
Desai-Liaqat pact(1945)
Rajgopalachari formula (1944)
Now you have to
C. Rajagopalachari CR Plan remember my
plan too
Tacit acceptance of the league's demand for Pakistan
1.Congress+ Muslim League Independence
2.Congress+ Muslim League Provisional Government
Rajgopalachari formula (1944)
Now you have to
C. Rajagopalachari CR Plan remember my
plan too

3. After the end of the war, the entire population of

Muslim majority areas in the North-West and North-
East India to decide by a plebiscite, whether or not
to form a separate sovereign state.

4. In case of acceptance of partition,

agreement to be made jointly for safeguarding defence, commerce,
communications
Rajgopalachari formula (1944)
C. Rajagopalachari CR Plan But Jinnah didn’t agreed, why?
Jinnah's Objections First accept my
demand...Pakistan
1.wanted the Congress to accept wali
the two-nation theory
2.opposed the idea of a common centre

3.only the Muslims of North-West and North-

East to vote in the plebiscite and not the entire
population

Therefore, Failure of this plan.

Desai-Liaqat pact (1945)
January 1945
हेलो लियाक़त भाई बोल
हांजी बताइए आप कौन रहे हो क्या
came up with the draft proposal for the
formation of an interim government

1.equal number of persons nominated

by the Congress and the League

2.20% reserved seats for minorities

Still no compromise. Failure of talks

 UPSC Prelims-2010
After Quit India Movement, C. Rajagopalchari issued a pamphlet
entitled “The Way Out”. Which one of the following was proposed in
this pamphlet ?

A. The establishment of “War Advisory Council” composed of

represent of British India and the Indian States.
B. Reconstitution of the Central Executive Council in such a way
that all its members, except the Governor General and the
Commander-in-Chief should be Indian leaders.
C. Fresh elections to the Central and Provincial Legislatures to
be held at the end of 1945 and a Constitution making body
to be convened as soon as possible.
Tactic acceptance of
D. A solution for the constitutional deadlock. Pakistan CR Plan
Answer: D
 August 1942 पहलेशुरूपीटना
आंदोलन कियाफिर
जायें
arrest them
Quit India Movement Public Rampage
Govt. Arrests all leadership

February 1943
Gandhi @ Fast against violence by the govt.
Famine @ South-west Bengal

1944-45
Rajagopalachari formula (1944) Failure
Desai-Liaqat pact(1945)
June 1945
Viceroy Wavell comes to India
Wavell Plan (1945)
Viceroy, Lord Wavell was permitted to start negotiations with Indian
leaders
Congress leaders were released from jails in June Now, my turn to
1945 make you remember
some of my
proposals
Wavell Plan (1945)
Q. Why the Government was Keen on a Solution Now?
General election in England was scheduled for mid-1945
Conservatives wanted to be seen as sincere
pressure from the Allies to seek further Indian cooperation
I’ll reform my
executive council &
for further things
Q. How & What steps were taken? let’s go to Shimla
Idea was to reconstruct the governor general's
executive council pending the preparation of a new
constitution
conference was convened by the viceroy@ Shimla, June
1945
Wavell Plan (1945)
Main proposals of the Wavell plan All Indian's in council
except me &
commander in chief
1. all members of the executive council of the Viceroy
were to be Indians
exception of the governor-general and the
commander-in-chief

2. Hindus and Muslims were to have equal

representation

3. reconstructed council was to function as an

interim government
Wavell Plan (1945)
Main proposals of the Wavell plan
2. Hindus and Muslims were to have equal
representation
Muslims will be Hindu & Muslim to
हलवा समझ रखा हैं क्या ?... आप कौन have equal
nominated only by
होते हों मुस्लिम प्रजा की ठेके दारी करने representation
Muslim leage
वाले ?
Wavell Plan (1945)
Main proposals of the Wavell plan

Q. Why it didn’t worked?

League wanted all Muslim members to be League nominees

claimed some kind of veto in the council
Congress objected to the plan as "an attempt to reduce the Congress
to the status of a purely caste Hindu party
August 1942 आंदोलन शुरू किया जायें

Quit India Movement तुम मुझे खून दो मैं तुम्हें आज़ादी दूंगा
February 1943
Gandhi @ Fast against violence by the govt.
Famine @ South-west Bengal
1944-45
Rajagopalachari formula (1944) Failure
Desai-Liaqat pact(1945)
June 1945
Viceroy Wavell comes to India

Feb 1946
Indian National Army
The Indian National Army
INA
Phase-I Phase-II

INA idea First conceived in Malaya by Mohan

Singh
Turned to the Japanese for help
September 1942(Quit India), the first division of the INA
was formed with 16,300 men @ Singapore
Japanese thinking of Invading India, and INA would
help them
But, later on due to differences of Mohan Singh with the Japanese
army the movement could not take place
The Indian National Army
INA
Phase-I Phase-II

Arrival of Subhash Bose in Singapore in July 1943

Q. Why & How Subhash Bose went away from congress?

 1929 तुम मुझे खून दो मैं तुम्हें आज़ादी
the report of Nehru Committee दूंगा

Established Independence for India League

with Jawaharlal Nehru
1930s
Went towards the socialist ideas and also
got popular within congress
1938
Congress Session @ Haripura SC Bose becomes the president
Establishment of National Planning
Committee under Nehru’s leadership
1939
Congress Session @ Tripuri Crisis @ Tripuri
1939
Congress Session @ Tripuri Congress Session @ Tripuri

Now...my man Yes...I have backing मैं बनूँगा

will become from Bapu...I’ll be अध्यक्ष...President
president president

Pattabhi Sitaramayya
1939
Congress Session @ Tripuri Congress Session @ Tripuri
SC Bose wins the elections, but Congress right wing opposes to
work under him I am quitting
Okay..then I'll congress & now
Yes...what Again I became
It’s my personal become president
happened...can’t establish Forward
President
loss as Bose has
understand Bloc (1940)
resigned

Pattabhi Sitaramayya
The Indian National Army
INA
Phase-I Phase-II

formed the Forward Bloc in 1940

June 1941 went to Germany

Arrival of Subhash Bose in Singapore in July 1943 assisted

by Rashbehari Bose
October 1943, he set up a Provisional Indian Government with
headquarters at Rangoon and Singapore
Women's regiment called the Rani Jhansi Regiment was formed
1944,failure of the Imphal campaign and the steady Japanese retreat
 Now m gonna try the INA
1944 PoWs.... Those who sided
with the Japs and did गद्दारी
End of WW-II with us
Japanese Retreat
June 1945
Release of Indian leaders
British government will try the INA
Prisoners of wars as they sided with the I am the new PM...wait le
Japanese me solve the issue in India

July 1945
Clement Atlee (Labour Party)
forms government in England
August 1945
Elections will be held Central &
Provincial assemblies in India
Towards Freedom I am the new PM...wait le
me solve the issue in India
Elections were held during the winter of 1945-46
Q. Why change in government attitude?
Shifting of balance of power
New labour government Sympathetic
Wave of socialists and radical groups in Europe
British economy and soldiers shattered
Anti imperialist wave in SE Asia
Fear of congress revolt just like Quit India Movement of 1942

Elections were Inevitable

Last took place in 1937
Towards Freedom

Elections in
India...Central & Now m gonna try the INA Now, m gonna use
PoWs.... Those who sided these INA trials in
Provincial be ready with the Japs and did गद्दारी
folks elections....but not
with us officially
The Indian National Army Now m gonna try the INA
PoWs.... Those who sided
Mass pressure against the trial of INA POWs with the Japs and did गद्दारी
with us
first trial in the Red Fort at Delhi in November
1945 and putting on dock together a
Hindu, Prem Kumar Sehgal,
Muslim, Shah Nawaz Khan and
Sikh, Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon

Q. Congress Support for INA Prisoners?

The Indian National Army
Q. Congress Support for INA Prisoners? We’ll be defending INA soldiers @
Red Fort
September 1945 at Bombay
Defence of INA prisoners

Bhulabhai Desai,
Tej Bahadur Sapru,
Kailash Nath Katju,
Nehru and Asaf Ali
The Indian National Army
Q. Congress Support for INA Prisoners?

Pro-INA sentiments surfaced in traditional bulwarks of the Raj

Men of the armed forces were unexpectedly sympathetic and attended
meetings
Fund collection was organised

Muslim league,
Communist Party, Supported this agitation
Unionists,
Hindu Mahasabha etc.
The Indian National Army
Three Upsurges—winter Of 1945-46
1.November 21, 1945—in Calcutta over the INA trials
2.February 11, 1946—in Calcutta against the seven-year sentence to INA
officer Rashid Ali
3.February 18, 1946—in Bombay, strike by the Royal Indian Navy
Ratings HMIS Talwar arrest of a rating for scrawling. 'Quit India'

Showed a similar pattern

1. Defies Authority and is Repressed
2. the City People Join
3. People in Other Parts of the Country Express Sympathy and
Solidarity
The Indian National Army
Three Upsurges—winter Of 1945-46
1.November 21, 1945—in Calcutta over the INA trials
2.February 11, 1946—in Calcutta against the seven-year sentence to INA
officer Rashid Ali
3.February 18, 1946—in Bombay, strike by the Royal Indian Navy
Ratings HMIS Talwar arrest of a rating for scrawling. 'Quit India'

Q. Reasons for these mutiny?

Racial discrimination
Abuse by superior officers INA trials
Unpalatable food
The Indian National Army
Three Upsurges—winter Of
1945-46
The Indian National Army
Three Upsurges—winter Of
1945-46

Soldiers...your Please...go back

grievances will to your barracks
be redressed
The Indian National Army
Three Upsurges—winter Of 1945-46

Q. Evaluation of Potential and Impact of the Three Upsurges?

1. Fearless action by masses
2. Revolt in the armed forces liberating effect on the minds of people
3. RIN revolt was seen as an event marking the end of British rule
Final nail in the coffin of the British rule
The Indian National Army गलती हो गयी यार....
Three Upsurges—winter Of 1945-46

Q. Government Response?
1. Government announced that only those INA
members accused of murder or brutal treatment Wait...we’ll be
of fellow prisoners would be brought to trial sending cabinet
mission

2. Cabinet Mission will be sent to India

Towards Freedom Elections in
Elections were held during the winter of 1945-46 India...Central &
Provincial be
Leaders it sought to mobilise the Indians against ready folks
the British
relief funds were collected for sufferers of INA trials
Congress Strategy @ 3 Upsurges
did not officially support these upsurges

Q. Election results?
Towards Freedom
Elections were held during the winter of 1945-46

Got 91% of Non-muslim votes 86.6% of the Muslim votes

57 out of 102 seats in the Central 30 reserved seats in the
Assembly Central Assembly

Congress majority in most Bengal, Sindh and Punjab

provinces except Punjab, A Unionist-Congress-
Akali coalition under Khizr
Hyatt Khan assumed power
 UPSC Prelims-1998
What is the correct sequence of the following events?

A. The August offer 1940

B. The I.N.A trial 1945
C. The Quit India Movement 1942
D. The Royal Indian Naval Ratings’ Revolt. 1946

Select the correct answer using the codes given below

(a) 1,3,2,4 (b) 3,1,2,4
(c) 1,3,4,2 (d) 3,1,4,2 Answer: A
 UPSC Prelims-2005
Consider the following statements:

1. Lord Mountbatten was the viceroy when the Shimal conference took
place. Lord Wavell
2. Indian Navy Revolt, 1946 took place when the Indian sailors in the
Royal Indian Navy at Bombay and Karachi rose against the
Government.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only Answer: B
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
 UPSC Prelims-2005
Which party was founded by Subhash Chandra Bose in the year 1939
after he broke away from the Congress?

A. Indian Freedom Party

B. Azad Hind Fauj
C. Revolutionary Front
D. Forward Bloc Answer: D
1939 Crisis @
Tripuri, breaks away
from congress
1944-45 तुम मुझे खून दो मैं तुम्हें आज़ादी
दूंगा
Rajagopalachari formula (1944) Failure
Desai-Liaqat pact(1945)

June 1945
Viceroy Wavell comes to India

Feb 1946
Indian National Army Trials
INA Upsurges, RIN Mutiny
Elections to Central & Provincial
assemblies

Cabinet Mission
The Cabinet Mission
Attlee Government announced in February 1946
Pethick Lawrence, Secretary of State for India
Stafford Cripps, President of the Board of Trade
A.V. Alexander, First Lord of Admiralty मैं वापिस आ गया
The Cabinet Mission
mission reached Delhi on March 24, 1946
Prolonged discussions with Indian leaders of all parties and groups

mission put forward its own plan for the solution of the constitutional
problem in May 1946
The Cabinet Mission
mission put forward its own plan for the solution of the constitutional
problem in May 1946

1. Rejection of the demand for a full-fledged

Pakistan

2. Grouping of existing provincial

assemblies into three sections- A,B,C

Section-A
Madras, Bombay, Central Provinces, United Provinces, Bihar
and Orissa (Hindu-majority provinces)
The Cabinet Mission
mission put forward its own plan for the solution of the constitutional
problem in May 1946
2. Grouping of existing provincial
assemblies into three sections
Section-B
Punjab, North-West Frontier Province
and Sindh (Muslim majority
provinces)

Section-C: Bengal and Assam

(Muslim-majority provinces).
The Cabinet Mission
2. Grouping of existing provincial assemblies into three sections

Constituent assembly to be elected by provincial assemblies by

proportional representation
Members from groups A, B and C were to sit separately to decide the
constitution for provinces and if possible, for the groups also.

The whole constituent assembly (all three sections A, B and C combined)

would sit together to formulate the Union constitution.
common centre would control defence, communication and external
affairs

Provinces were to have full autonomy and residual powers

Weak Centre
The Cabinet Mission
2. Grouping of existing provincial assemblies into three sections

3. Three-tier executive and legislature at provincial, section and union

levels
Union

Section (A,B,C)

Provinces
The Cabinet Mission
4. Princely states were no longer to be under paramountcy of British
Government.
They would be free to enter into an arrangement with successor
governments or the British Government
Captain Russell.. ने हमारे Yes राजाजी... छोड़ो कल की
सच में....हम आज़ाद हो
दादाजी को सहायक संधि के द्वारा गुलाम बातें...कोनईभीTreaty
राज्यों आज़ादी sign करते हैं
गये......यकीं नहीं होता...
बना दिया था
The Cabinet Mission
5.After the first general elections(5 years), a province was to be free to
come out of a group
after 10 years a province was to be free to call for a reconsideration of
the group or the Union constitution 5 years & 10
years cooling
period

6.Interim government to be formed from the

constituent assembly
The Cabinet Mission
Different Interpretations of Groupings

5 years & 10
Pakistan is implied in years cooling
Mission plan is against compulsory groupings period
pakistan

Q. Main Objections
The Cabinet Mission
Q. Main Objections
Congress League
Provinces should not have Grouping should be
to wait till the first general compulsory with sections B
elections to and C developing into
come out of a group Grouping is solid entities with a view to
Compulsory grouping
optional future secession into Pakistan
contradicts the oft-repeated
insistence on
provincial autonomy
 UPSC Prelims-1996
Which one of the following is not correct’ about the Cabinet Mission
Plan?

A. Provincial grouping
B. Interim Cabinet of Indians
C. Acceptance of Pakistan
D. Constitution framing right Answer: C
 UPSC Prelims-1999
It made its proposals in May. It still wanted a united India. There was
to be a Federal Union composed of British provinces'

The above quotation is related to:

A. Simon Commission
B. Gandhi-Irwin Pact
C. Cripps Mission
D. Cabinet Mission Answer: D
Feb 1946
Cabinet Mission
Constituent assembly to be elected by
provincial assemblies by proportional
representation

July 1946
Direct Action...
Elections held in provincial assemblies सीधी कार्यवाही
for the Constituent Assembly
Muslim league boycotts
Nehru forms interim government
Communal holocaust
 Direct Action...
July 1946 सीधी कार्यवाही

Elections held in provincial

assemblies for the Constituent
Assembly
16,August 1946
Muslim league boycotts
पहली बार नेहरू सरकार
Communal holocaust-5000 dead

10,September 1946
Congress dominated-Nehru forms
interim government
26, October 1946
Muslim league joins the government
10,September 1946 पहली बार नेहरू सरकार

Congress dominated-Nehru
forms interim government

26, October 1946

Muslim league joins the government
Obstructionist Approach and Ulterior
Motives of League succeeded in लगता हैं.. I need to
do something
disfunctioning of government

February 20, 1947

Clement Attlee's Statement
Towards Freedom I am the new
Viceroy....yayay
Attlee's Statement- February 20, 1947
लगता हैं.. I need to
deadline of June 30, 1948 was fixed for transfer of do something
power

British would relinquish power either to some

form of central government or in some areas to
the existing provincial governments

Paramountcy over the princely states would lapse

with transfer of power

Mountbatten would replace Wavell as the viceroy

Towards Freedom
Q. Why a Date Fixed by Government for Withdrawal?

The Government hoped that a fixed date would shock the parties
Solve your issues
convince the Indians before I leave...and
of British sincerity m serious about it
Towards Freedom
Mountbatten as the Viceroy I am the new
Viceroy....yayay
communal riots and the unworkability of the
Congress-League coalition

Task was to explore the options of unity

and division till October 1947 and then
advise the British Government on the
form of transfer of power

Mountbatten Plan, June 3, 1947

Towards Freedom I am the new
Mountbatten Plan, June 3, 1947 Viceroy....yayay

1. Freedom with partition formula

2.Immediate transfer of power on the basis of grant

of dominion status
Partition, Two Dominions And Two Constituent
Assemblies

3. Punjab and Bengal would meet in two, groups

Hindus and Muslims, to vote for partition
Mountbatten Plan, June 3, 1947
4.Sindh would take its own decision

Referendum: in NWFP and Sylhet district of Bengal would decide the

fate of these areas

5.A boundary commission would be set up Radcliffe Commission

Freedom would come on August 15, 1947

League's demand was conceded to the 'extent that Pakistan

Congress' position on unity was taken into account to make Pakistan as

small as possible
Mountbatten Plan, June 3, 1947
बस खुश ...और किसी Accha..but keep
को चाइये आज़ादी....? it small

Yayay....finally...
Pakistan

League's demand was

conceded to the 'extent that Congress' position on unity was
Pakistan taken into account to make
Pakistan as small as possible
Towards Partition
Q. Why Congress Accepted Dominion Status & Partition?
1.Peaceful and very quick transfer of power We wanted to
control the
2.Important for the congress to assume authority to situation
check the explosive situation
immediate transfer of power could forestall the spread
of 'direct action' and communal violence

virtual collapse of the Interim Government

3.allow for some much needed continuity in
bureaucracy and army

Indian Independence Act on July 18, 1947

Towards Partition
Q. Why Congress Accepted Partition?
Congress was only accepting the inevitable due to the long-term
failure to draw Muslim masses into the national movement
reflects the success-failure dichotomy of the Congress

Congress had a two fold task

1.structuring diverse classes, 2.Securing independence
communities, groups and regions for this nation
into a nation
Congress succeeded in building up sufficient national consciousness
it failed in completing the task of welding the nation Muslims
Acceptance of partition was only a final act
Towards Partition
Q. Why Congress accepted partition?
People wants
We wanted to No option.
Either Partition partition. I am
control the
or Suicide not supporting
situation
it.

G.B. Pant

Gandhi felt helpless because there had been a communalisation of

the people. He accepted partition because the people wanted it
 UPSC Prelims-1996
Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and
the other labelled as Reason (R).
Assertion (A): The British sovereignty continued to exist in free India.
Reason (R): The British sovereign appointed the last Governor General
of free India. Lord Mountbatten was appointed by the crown

In the context of the above two statements, which one of the following
is correct?

A. Both A and R are true but R is the correct explanation of A

B. Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A
C. A is true but R is false
D. A is false but R is true Answer: D
 UPSC Prelims-1998
Lord Mountbatten came to India as a Viceroy with specific instruction
to:

A. balkanize the Indian sub-continent

B. keep India united if possible Answer: B
C. accept Jinnah's demand for Pakistan
D. persuade the Congress to accept the partition
 UPSC Prelims-1998
The Indian National Congress agreed in 1947 to the partition of the
country mainly because:

A. the principal of two-Nation theory was then acceptable to them

B. it was imposed by the British Government and the Congress was
helpless in this regard
C. they wanted to avoid large-scale communal riots
D. India would have otherwise lost the opportunity to attain freedom

Answer: C
Thank You