OUTVIEW

 Introduction to CNTs.
 Electrical arc – discharge method.
 Laser ablation method.
 Catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD).
INTRODUCTION TO CARBON NANOTUBES (CNTs)
• Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are rolled up cylinders of
graphene sheets. They were first observed as multi-walled
carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by Dr. Iijima in 1991.
• Figure 1.1 shows how graphene sheet can be rolled up to
SWCNTs.
• Figure 1.2 shows the high resolution transmission electron
microscope (TEM) images of the MWCNTs.
• Its unique structure leads to attractive physical and chemical
properties such as high conductivity and good mechanical
strength.
Structure of MWCNTs
 SYNTHESIS OF NANOTUBES GROWTH
• Electrical arc – discharge method.
• Laser ablation method.
• Catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD).
 ELECTRIC ARC-DISCHARGE METHOD
• This process is oldest successful method to synthesize CNTs in
small quantities.
• Opposing anode and cathode terminals made of 6mm and 9mm
graphite rods respectively are placed in a inert environment.
• A strong current of 100A is passed between the terminals
generating arc induced plasma that evaporates the carbon
atoms from the graphite terminals.
• A catalyst can be introduced into the graphite terminal.
• Although MWCNTs can be formed without catalyst, a SWCNTs
can only be formed by using iron or cobalt as metal catalyst.
Schematic representation of Electric Arc Reactor
 LASER ABLATION METHOD
• First developed in 1995.
• Uses similar Principle as that of the Arc Discharge method.
• Carbon is evaporated a high temperature from a graphite target using
a powerful and focused laser beam.
• In LA method, a graphite target is placed on a long quartz tube in a
furnace controlled at 1200°C and 99.99% pure argon is filled at a
pressure of 500MPa.
• A pulse of laser beam at 10Hz is focused on graphite target using a
circular lens. Due to which carbon particles evaporate from the
graphite target and CNTs are formed.
• These nanotubes are collected at the end of the chamber on a water
cooled copper collector.
Schematic representation of Laser Ablation Method
 CATALYTIC CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION (CCVD)
• This process is simple and low cost.
• Catalysts are placed in the tube furnace and heated up to
500 to 1000ºC.
• At this temperature, a continuous flow of hydrocarbon gas
is then introduced over a period of time.
• Mainly CH4, C2H2, C2H4 or C6H6, usually as a mixture with
either H2 or an inert gas.
• The catalyst decomposes the hydrocarbon, releasing
hydrogen and carbon,which is free to form nanotubes.
• The reaction is chemically
defined as
Cx Hy → xC + (y/2)H2
• Catalytic decomposition takes
place at the surface of very
small size metal particles,
typically in nanometer-size
range.
• Due to the low growth
temperature, CNTs are formed
onto the solid-phase catalyst.
Schematic representation of Chemical Vapour Deposition
 FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH OF CNTs
• Temperature of the reaction.
• Duration of the treatment.
• Composition.
• Flow rate of the Fuel.
• Size and Form of the catalyst.
• Surface morphology.
THANK YOU