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Dhaka University of Engineering and

Technology(DUET), Gazipur.

Presented to Presented by
Md. Shamsuzzaman Shekh 1. Md. Mostakim Hossain[175004]
Asistance Profesor 2. Md. Esrail [175005]
Department of Textile Engineering 3. Md. Tanim Hossain [175016]
(DUET),Gagipur. 4. Md. Sahinur [175026]
5. Saddam Hossain [175027]
6. Md. Abu Syed [175039]

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 Shedding

Dividation of warp threads into two parts for insertion of weft threads is
called shed and the mechanism of shed is called shedding.
It is the first primary motion of weaving.

Types of shed :

1. Bottom close shed

2. Centre close shed
3. Semi-open shed
4. Open shed

Figure : Shedding mechanism

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1. Bottom close shed:
This type of shedding is produced by giving motion only to threads that are to
form the upper line. Under this condition, the warp is level on the bottom line.
Hence in order to form a top shed, it is necessary to move some threads
through a space equal to twice the depth of a shed, once up and down, before a
fresh selection is made. A shed of this kind is known as stationary bottom with
a rising and falling top.

A → Bottom line of warp

B → Rising and falling line
C → An arrow showing the space passed
through

Figure: Bottom close shed 4

 2. Center close shed:

This type of shed is produced by imparting an upward movement to those

threads which are to form the top line and the downward movement to the
threads which are to form the bottom line. Then after inserting a pick, both the
lines meet at the center between the highest and lowest lines of a divided warp.

A→ Closed warp line

B, C→ Upper and lower lines of a divided warp
respectively
D→ Arrow showing the half distance of a shed in
an upward direction
E→ Arrow showing the half distance of a shed in a
downward direction

Figure: Centre close shed

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3. Semi-open shed:

In case of semi-open shed, if the end has to be in up potion in two consecutive

picks, then it comes down up to the middle( warp line) and then again goes up.
The wasted movement is lower as compared to that of bottom closed shed.

A→ Stationary bottom line

B→ Top point
C→ The point where downward movement ceases in
threads
D, E→ Showing the movement of through healds
F→ Arrow showing the threads which are to lift for
the next pick

Figure: Semi-open shed

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4. Open shed:
In open shed, the warp threads form two stationary lines, the top line and the
bottom line and changes are made by carrying the threads from one fixed line
to the other without any interval.

A, B→ Stationary warp line

C, D→ Arrows which show the movement of
rising and falling warp to equal the distance
between A & B

Figure: Open shed

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Classification of shedding mechanism

Shedding mechanism

Manual shedding Power shedding

 (Padel /Treadle shedding  tappet shedding

in hand loom)  cam shedding
(Derived from tappet shedding )
 Dobby shedding
 Jacquard shedding
 Combined shedding

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Tappet
A type of cam to which a rotary motion is given for the purpose
producing reciprocating motion in rods and levers by sliding contact
when the rod is to receive a series of lifts with intervals of rest and
then forms a shed is called tappet.
Types of tappet shedding :
Various type of shedding tappets are in use in the industry . They are
constructed on two principles:
Positive shedding tappet:
No need reversing mechanism for raising and lowering of heald shaft.
(2 tappets for 1 heald shaft) . Example:
1. Wood crofts section tappet
2. The oscillating tappet
3. Nuttalls chin tappet
4. Scroll tappet

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 Negative shedding tappet :
Need additional mechanism for raising and lowering of heald shaft
(1 tappet for 1 heald shaft).
Example :
i. Ordinary plain and twill weave shedding tappet
ii. Jamiesons tappet
iii. Barrel tappet

Difference between tappet and cam:

Tappet Cam

i. It gives to a shaft to i. It gives a continuous reciprocating

receive a series of lifts motion .
with intervals of rests . ii. It may be used for many
ii. It is mainly used to mechanical purpose like in winding
produce a shed . mechanism .
iii. All tappets are cam iii. All cam are not tappet

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 Feature of tappet shedding

I. Simple principal, easy maintenace .

II. Low installation cost .
III. Mechanical robust and reliable .
IV. No limit on loom speed .
V. Confrolling 2-8 heald frames, thus only suitable for fabric with simple
weaves .
VI. Inconvenience for frequent pattern changes.

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Advantages of tappet shedding

1. Simplest and cheapest .

2. Gives best result .
3. Action is certain .
4. Cam lift heavy weight .
5. Less wear and tear .
6. Cam moves at high speed .
7. Dwell may be adjusted as per requirement .
8. Less strain on warp .
9. Consumes less power and gives more output .
10. It gives fewest defects to the fabric .

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Disadvantages of tappet shedding

1. Restriced design possibilities.

2. Inconvenient for frequent pattern changes.
 to change the cams, or
 at lest to rearrange them ,
 to change the gearing of cam shaft if the new weave repeats
on a different number of picks.

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Basic principal of tappet shedding (Tappet shedding mechanism)
Here Positive Tappet Shedding Mechanism is described below :-
Principle:
In this type of shedding, the heald shaft is raised and lowered by the tappet.

Construction
The tappet shaft carries another tappet which has a groove or track in which a
bowl is placed. The bowl is connected in turn to a tappet lever with link rods,
links J and a heald shaft . Each tappet is separately connected to a heald shaft
through link rods and tappet lever. There are two fulcrums for tappet lever and
links
Working Principle:
When the tappet is rotated, the bowl is also rotated. According to the shape of
the groove, the bowl is moved up or down or is still. If the bowl is moved up,
the tappet lever moves to the right through the links and the heald shaft is
lowered. If the bowl is moved down, the tappet lever moves to the left and the
heald shaft is raised. Since the heald shaft is raised and lowered by means of
the mechanism, this tappet shedding is known as positive tappet shedding
mechanism. When the bowl stands still, the heald shaft is in the dwell stage.
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 Figure: Positive Tappet shedding

A positive shedding tappet, and the one most generally employed, is known as
the Wood croft tappet. This style of tappet is self-contained, and is now made in
three different forms, according to the class of fabric for which it is to be
adopted. .The treadles are fulcrumed on the shaft and are provided at with a
knuckle, on which the antifriction pulley is pivoted. The pulleys are specially
tempered or made of steel in order to better resist the friction to which they are
subjected. The movement of this pulley and at the same time the treadle is
determined by the shape and the arrangement of the section plates i to 12. In this
type of tappet only two different section plates are used.
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That shown at it is employed to raise the treadle; that is to depress the treadle.
The pulley is actuated by the projecting rims of metal cast on the side of the
plates with which it is in constant contact. The healds are connected to jack
levers placed above and below the healds ; the levers extend outside the loom
frame, and in turn are attached to the end of the treadle by means of the
connector. When the treadle is forced upwards by means of a section plate, the
heald shaft is drawn down, and vice versa, with the section plate.

These tappets are made to work with from 8 to 12 treadles, and can be
constructed for weaves containing up to 24 picks to the round. A tappet contains
12 sections or picks in one repeat. The tappet shaft is supported in open
bearings in the framework, and secured to this shaft the tappet wheel,
containing a number of teeth (in this 180) which is a multiple of the weaves for
which the tappet may be required. The wheel is also fitted width a number of
standard bolt holes, in order to accommodate section plates of different sizes,
such as are required for weaves containing a varying number of picks to the
round.

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 Here Negative tappet shedding is described below :-

Principle
A tappet is given a rotary motion so that it depresses a follower and a lever,
known respectively as the anti-friction bowl and the treadle arrangement, by
means of which the heald shaft is operated.

Construction
Figure shows a negative tappet shedding mechanism. A pair of tappets A and B
are fixed to the bottom shaft C at 180 degrees to each other. Two treadle levers
D and E are connected to the loom back-rail by a bracket F.

The bracket acts as a fulcrum for the levers. The two treadles have teeth to carry
the lamb rods G and H respectively. Two heald shafts J and K are connected to
the lamb rods. A top reversing roller shaft Q carries two rollers of different
diameters. The roller of small diameter N is connected to a leather strap L to
which the front heald shaft J is connected. The roller P of large diameter is
connected to a leather strap M to which the back heald shaft K is connected.
The tappets A and B touch the anti-friction bowls or followers R and S
respectively, which are fixed to the treadle levers.
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Figure: Negative tappet shedding mechanism
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Working principle
When the bottom shaft is rotated in the clockwise direction as shown in the
figure, the tappets are also rotated. The tappet will depress the anti-friction
bowl and the treadle. Being fulcrumed at one end, the front portion of the
treadle moves down. This action is transferred to the lamb rod, the heald shaft
and the leather strap. So one heald shaft is lowered and the threads connected
to this heald shaft are lowered and form the bottom layer of the shed.

The leather straps attached to the reversing rollers are connected in opposite
directions, i.e. when leather strap is pulled down, it is unwound from its
roller. The shaft therefore rotates in the clockwise direction and the other
leather strap is wound on to its roller. The heald shaft is raised and therefore
the lamb rod and treadle lever are also raised. The threads connected to the
heald shaft are also raised and form the top layer of the shed.

For the next shed, the other tappet works with the other set of bowl, treadle,
lamb rod, heald shaft, strap and roller and the other heald shaft is lowered.
The first heald shaft is raised by the top reversing rollers, and the positions of
the healds shafts are thus interchanged. Thus, for one rotation of the bottom
shaft, two sheds are formed.
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Factors considered for construction of a tappet:
Following points and dimensions must be taken into consideration:

1. Pattern to be production in the fabric.

2. Lift or stroke of tappet, i.e. the distance of heald shaft moving.
3. The distance from the centre of driving shaft to the nearest point of contact
with treadle bowl (npc).
Dwell of the tappet.
4. Diameter of the treadle bowl.

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 Dwell period:

The tappets should be so made that healds

Will remain stationary while the shuttle passes through the shed. This
stationary period is known as “Dwell of healds” or “Pause”.

Factors affecting dwell of tappets are:

1) If the loom width and fabric width is greater dwell period will increase.
2) Yarn is delicate, then dwell is more.
3) For complex weave structure, dwell priod will be higher.
4) Packing force.

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Construction principle of Tappet for tappet shedding

The parameters considered for constracring tappet are mentioned below:

i. Weave pattern
ii. Distance between centre of bottom shaft of the nearest reach point of
treadle bowl(npc).
iii. Diameter of treadle bowl
iv. Lift or stroke of tappet
v. Dwell period =1/2 rd of weaving cycle.

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 Now the tappet is constructed as below:
1. Draw the 1st circle with the radious of npc.
2. Draw the 2nd circle by the adding the radious of treadle bowl with
radious of 1st circle.
3. Draw the 3rd circle by adding lift of tappet with radious of 2nd circle.
4. Now dividing the full circle into semi-circle according to design.
5. Then divide each semi-circle into 3 equal parts and select dwell of each
semi- circle (middle semi-circle = dwell).
6. Without the dwell the other each semi-circle are divided into 3 parts.
7. Now the space between 2nd and 3rd circle are divided into 6 unequal
parts by drawing some arcs, the largest being in the middle and
gradually decreasing towards 2nd and 3rd circle.
8. Now we see that the arcs cut the previously drawn lines at point
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14.
9. We took the point (1,2,3………………..14) as the centre’s and draw 14
circles by taking the radious of treadle bowl as the radious of circles.
Thus we got 14 circles.
10. Now a curve is drawn by touching the extremities of the bowl. And the
out line will indicate the tappet for that weave.
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 Board Question

Question-1: What are the condition of good shedding ?

Answer: Condition for good shedding

 A shed should be as small as the nature of the work to be done.

 Healds should be placed at right angles with the warp threads.
 Exact vertical movement of held shaft are required.
 Perfect leveling of heald shaft .
 The heald shaft must being to move slowly.

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Question-2: State the merits and demerits during shedding operation of loom.

Answer: Merits and demerits for shedding operations:

Merits :
i. Simple and robust
ii. Inexpensive with regard to both initial cost and maintance.
iii. Not likely to cause faults in the fabric.
iv. Impose no limitation on the speed of the loom ( up to 1000-1500 rpm).
Demerits:

i. Restricted design possibilities.

ii. Inconvenient for frequent pattern changes
 To change the cams
 At least to rearrange them
 To change the gearing of cam shaft if the new
weave repeats or a different of picks.
iii. A maximum of 8 to10 tappet only can be used.
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 1 1
Question-3 Assume necessary parameters and constract a shedding tappet for 1 1
weave.

Answer: Shown the graphical representation of shed for third pick of ½ s twill weave

Construction principle of Tappet for tappet shedding

The parameters considered for constructing tappet are mentioned below:
1. Weave pattern
2. Distance between centre of bottom shaft to the nearest reach point of treadle bowl
( npc )
3. Diameter of treadle bowl
4. Lift or stroke of tappet
5. Dwell period = 1/3 rd of weaving cycle.

Now the tappet is constructed as below:

1. Draw the 1st circle with the radius of npc.
2. Draw the 2nd circle by adding the radius of treadle bowl with radius of 1st circle.
3. Draw the 3rd circle by adding lift of tappet with radius of 2nd circle.

4. Now divide the full circle into semi-circle according to design.

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5. Then divide each semi-circle into 3 equal parts and select dwell of each semi-circle
(middle semi-circle = dwell).

6. Without the dwell the other each semi-circles are divided into 3 parts.

7. Now the space between 2nd and 3rd circle are divided into 6 unequal parts by drawing
some arcs, the largest being in the middle and gradually decreasing towards 2nd and 3rd
circle.

8. Now we see that the arcs cut the previously drawn lines at point
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,1,4.

9. We took the point (1,2,3…………….14) as the centre’s and draw 14 circles by taking the
radius of treadle bowl as the radius of circles. Thus we got 14 circles.

10. Now a curve is drawn by touching the extremities of the bowl. And the out line will
indicate the tappet for that weave.

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Figure: Tappet for ½ s twill weave

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Question-4: What is meant by symmetric and asymmetric shed?
Answer: Symmetrical Shed

 Shed geometry
 Top and bottom sheds are identical.
 It is is the advantageous for picking because it gives a similar warp tension in both
shed levels, but it is disadvantageous, for the same reason, for the beat-up.
 The air-jet weaving machines have been provided with a cradle which secures a
symmetrical shed during the picking and different warp tensions in the shed levels
during the beat-up.
Asymmetrical shed
 Shed geometry
 Top and bottom sheds are not identical

 Asymmetrical course of the heald shaft lift

 Asymmetrical to the vertical axis

 Asymmetrical to the horizontal axis

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Question-5: What do you mean by size of shed ? Why is the maximum value of it for
poor warps?

Question-6: A conventional power loom running running with 400 rpm and 3/1 twill weave.

i. Find out the required number of picking and shedding tappet and their correct placement.
ii. Show the rpm ratio of crank shasft ,bottom shaft and c ounter shaft.

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