Module 4 - Properties of Crude Oil

Properties of Crude Oil
MODULE 4
1. Define and explain the meaning of the terms B o, Bt, Rs.
2. List the factors affecting the solubility of gas in oil and describe the effect of each
on the solubility.
3. Explain the meaning of the terms “bubble point pressure”, “saturated reservoir”
and “undersaturated reservoir.”
4. Illustrate with sketches the effect of pressure on B o, Rs and μo and explain the
shapes of these curves.
5. Calculate values for Pb, Bo, Bt, Rs, co, μo, RF using correlations.
6. Calculate volume of dissolved and free gas for saturated and undersaturated
reservoirs.
7. Describe the flash and Karen
differential
Boodoo vaporization processes and differentiate 1
between them.
References
 Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering (vol. 8)

by L.P. Dake
 Chap 2
 Reservoir Engineering (3rd Ed.) byTarek Ahmed
 Chaps 2, 3
 Practical Enhanced Reservoir Engineering by Abdus

Satter
 Chap 3
 Applied Pet. Res. Eng. (2nd Ed.) by Craft and Hawkins.

 Chap 1
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Application of the Real Gas Equation of
State
The determination of the z-factor as a function of pressure
and temperature facilitates the use of the simple equation
to fully define the state of a real gas. The equation is a

PVT relationship and in reservoir engineering, in general,
the main use of such functions is to relate surface to
reservoir volumes of hydrocarbons.
(z = Gas Deviation Factor, R = Universal Gas Constant)
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Fluid Properties (7)
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Fluid Properties
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Fluid Properties

Bubble Point Pressure:
-Pressure in a gas reservoir where the first
bubbles of gas will appear (pbp)
 Solution Gas-Oil Ratio:

-Solubility of natural gas in crude oil (Rs)
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Formation Volume Factor
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Formation Volume Factor, FVF
Fluid Property Symbol Units
Gas Formation Bg cu.ft / SCF

Volume Factor
Oil Formation Bo bbls / STB

Volume Factor
Two-Phase Bt bbls / STB

Formation
Volume Factor
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Gas Formation Volume Factor, Bg
(cu.ft/SCF)
 The Gas Formation Volume Factor, which is
the volume in barrels that one standard cubic
foot of gas will occupy as free gas in the
reservoir at the prevailing reservoir pressure
and temperature
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Gas Formation Volume Factor, Bg
(cu.ft/SCF)
 They relate the volume of gas in the reservoir to
the volume of gas on the surface at standard
conditions (psc = 14.7 psia, Tsc = 60°F)
zT
Bg  0.02829 cu. ft. / SCF
p
zT
Bg  0.00504 bbl / SCF
p
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Formula
zT
Bg  0.02829 cu. ft. / SCF
p 1 bbl = 5.615 ft3
zT / 5.615
Bg  0.00504 bbl / SCF cu ft bbls
p
(convert from cu.ft./SCF to bbl/SCF by /5.615)
Where:
At Standard Conditions, psc = 14.7 psia, Tsc = 60°F
Bg = Gas Formation Volume Factor, cu.ft / SCF OR bbl/SCF
z = Gas Deviation Factor, no units
T = Reservoir Temperature, °R (0°F = 460°R)
p = Reservoir Pressure, psia
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Example #1
 The Bell Field is a gas reservoir at a
reservoir pressure of 3250 psia and
temperature of 213°F, and a gas deviation
factor of 0.910. Calculate the gas formation
volume factor in cu. ft./SCF.
zT
Bg  0.02829
p
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Solution to Example #1
 T = 213°F
 Convert to Rankine (0°F = 460°R)
 T =213 + 460 = 673 °R
 p = 3250 psia
 z = 0.910
zT
Bg  0.02829
p
0.910  673
Bg  0.02829  0.00533cu. ft. / SCF
3250
Karen Boodoo 13
0.910  673
Bg  0.02829  0.00533cu. ft. / SCF
3250
This answer means that 1 std. cu ft at 14.7

psia and 60°F will occupy 0.00533 cu ft of
space in the reservoir at 3250 psia and
213°F
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Oil Formation Volume Factor, Bo
(bbls/STB)
 The Oil Formation Volume Factor is the
volume in barrels occupied in the reservoir, at
the prevailing pressure and temperature, by
one stock tank barrel of oil plus its dissolved
gas
1 STB Separator
Reservoir (bbls)
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(bbls/STB)
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Liquid Gas
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Classification of Oil Reservoirs
 Saturated Oil Reservoirs - Reservoirs

pressure is initially below the bubble point
pressure
 Undersaturated Oil Reservoirs- Reservoir

pressure is initially above the bubble
point pressure
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Saturated Oil Reservoirs
 A crude oil is said to be saturated with gas at

any pressure and temperature if on a slight
reduction in pressure some gas is released
from solution
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Undersaturated Oil Reservoirs
 If no gas is released from solution, the crude
oil is said to be undersaturated at that
pressure. The undersaturated state implies
that there is a deficiency of gas present and
that there had been an abundance of gas
present, the oil would be saturated at that
pressure.
 The undersaturated state further implies that
there is no free gas in contact with the crude
oil (i.e. there is no gas cap)
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(bbls/STB)
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Explanation of Graph
(refer to slide 15)
 No gas is released from solution when the
pressure drops from the initial pressure of
3500 psia to the bubble-point pressure at
2500 psia
 The reservoir volume remains in a single (liquid)
state
 However, because liquids are slightly
compressible, the volume increases from 1.310
bbl/STB at 3500 psia to 1.333 bbl/STB at 2500
psia.
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Explanation of Graph
 Below 2500 psia this liquid expansion

continues but is masked by a larger effect:
the decrease in the liquid volume due to the
release of gas from solution.
 At 1200 psia the volume has decreased to
1.210 bbl/STB, and at atmospheric pressure
and 160°F to 1.040 bbl/STB
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Density
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Gas Density, g (rho) (lb/cu ft or gm/cc)
Molecular
Weight of Gas
Molecular
Weight of Air
M = yg x 28.97
28.97   g  p
g  (lb/cu ft)
zRT
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Formula
28.97   g  p (lb/cu ft)

g 
zRT
 g= Gas Gravity (  g < 1: gas is lighter than air,
 g > 1: gas is denser than air)
T = Reservoir Temperature, °R (0°F = 460°R)
p = Reservoir Pressure, psia
R = Universal Gas Constant
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Oil Density,  o (rho) (lb/cu ft or
gm/cc)
62.42796 o  0.0136 g Rs
o 
Bo
Bo = Oil Formation Volume Factor (Oil FVF), bbls/STb
 o = Oil specific gravity
 g = Gas specific gravity, air = 1
Rs = Solution gas-oil ratio (Solution GOR), scf/STB
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Example #2
 The Bell Field is a gas reservoir at a

reservoir pressure of 3250 psia and
temperature of 213°F, and a gas
deviation factor of 0.910. If the gas
gravity is 0.665, calculate the reservoir
gas density.
28.97   g  p
g 
zRT
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 T = 213°F
 Convert to Rankine (0°F = 460°R)
 T =213 + 460 = 673 °R
 p = 3250 psia
 z = 0.910
  g = 0.665
28.97   g  p 28.97  0.665  3250

    9.530lb / cuft
zRT 0.910  10.73  673
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Compressibility
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Gas Compressibility, cg ( x 10-6 psi-1)
 The change in volume with pressure for

gases under isothermal (constant T)
conditions
 Typical value: x 10-6 psi-1
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Example #3
 To find the compressibility of a gas from the

gas deviation factor curve given.
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Slope at 1000 psia =
At z  0.19
  127  10  6 psi 1
1000 p 1500
psia,
z=
0.83 ∆z = -0.19 (neg. slope)
∆p = 1500
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 At p = 1000 psia (choose p slope was found)
 z = 0.83
 dz/dp = -127 x 10-6
1 1 dz
cg  
p z dp
cg 
1

1
1000 0.83
 
 127  10 6  1153  10 6 psi 1
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Oil Compressibility, co ( x 10-6 psi-1)
 The compressibility of a liquid is defined as:

1 dV 1 V1  V2 
co    
V dp V  p1  p2 
 Because dV/dp is a –ve slope, the –ve sign

converts the compressibilty, co into a +ve
number.
 Typical value: x 10-6 psi-1
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Example #4
Pressure, Vr
 Given the following psig
table, calculate the
5000 0.9739
average compressibility
of the fluid between 4700 0.9768
5000 psig and 4100
psig. 4400 0.9799
4100 0.9829
3800 0.9862
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 V = volume at the higher pressure
= volume at 5000 psig = 0.9739
 p1 = 5000 psig, V1 = 0.9739
 p2 = 4100 psig, V2 = 0.9829
co  
1 dV
 
1

 V1  V2 
V dp V  p1  p2 
co  
1

 0.9739  0.9829
 10.27  10 6 psi 1
0.9739  5000  4100
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Viscosity
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Viscosity, o (cp) (centipoise)
Below the bubble-point: The viscosity
decreases with increasing pressure owing to
the thinning effect of the gas entering solution
Above the bubble –point: the viscosity
increases with increasing pressure
Pbp
o Pbp
Below Pbp Above Pbp
P1 P2 P3 P4
Pressure
Pressure
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Solution Gas-Oil Ratio
Solution Gas-Oil Ratio:

-Solubility of natural gas in
crude oil (Rs)
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Solution Gas-Oil Ratio, Rs
(SCF/STB)
 The Solution (or dissolved) Gas-Oil Ratio,
which is the number of standard cubic feet of
gas which will dissolve in one stock tank
barrel of oil when both are taken down to the
reservoir at the prevailing reservoir pressure
and temperature
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(SCF/STB)
 The solubility of natural gas in crude oil
depends on
 the pressure,
 the temperature and
 the composition of the gas and the crude oil
 For a particular gas and crude oil at constant
temperature, the quantity of solution gas
increases with pressure
 And at constant pressure the quantity
decreases with increasing temperature
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(SCF/STB)
PRESSURE
At constant T, the
quantity of gas in
solution (solution gas)
increases with P
gas
Gas dissolved in oil

oil
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(SCF/STB)
TEMPERATURE
At constant P the
quantity of gas in
solution decreases
with increasing
temperature (because
quantity of liquid
decreases)
At 50°F, 40% liquid

At 150°F, 10% liquid
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(SCF/STB)
Undersaturated
Saturated
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Explanation of graph
 The graph shows the variation of solution gas
with pressure for the Big Sandy reservoir fluid
at reservoir temperature of 160°F
 At the initial reservoir pressure of 3500 psia,
there is a 567 SCF/STB of solution gas
 The graph indicates that no gas is evolved from
solution when the pressure drops from the initial
pressure at 3500 psia
 Thus the oil is undersaturated in this region, and
there is no free gas phase (cap) in the reservoir
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Explanation of graph
 The pressure 2500 psia is called the bubble-
point pressure, for at this pressure, bubbles
of free gas first appear
 At 1200 psia the solution gas is 337
SCF/STB, and the average solubility between
2500 and 1200 psia is :
Average solubility
567  337
  0.177 SCF / STB / psi
2500  1200
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Determination of Rs when pressure is
less than or equal to Pb
 When laboratory analysis of the reservoir fluids are not
available, Rs can be calculated, when the pressures are less
than or equal to the bubble point pressure.
1.204
 p 
Rso   g  

 18 10  g

Where:
T = temperature, F
P = pressure, psia
 g  0.00091 T  0.0125   o , API
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Determination of Rs when pressure is
less than or equal to Pb
 For 105 test samples, the absolute error
found in this correlation was 4.8% within the
following range of parameters:
 130 < pb (psia) < 7000

 100 <T (F) < 258
 20 < gas-oil ratio (SCF/STB) < 1425
 16.5 < ρo, API < 63.8
 0.59 < g < 0.95
 1.024 < oil formation volume factor (bbl/SCF) < 2.05
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Two-Phase Formation
Volume Factor, Bt
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Two-Phase Formation Volume Factor, Bt
(bbl/STB)
 Two-Phase Formation Volume Factor is
defined as the volume in barrels in one stock
tank barrel and the volume that its initial
complement of dissolved gas occupies at any
pressure and reservoir temperature
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Formula
Bt = Bo + Bg (Rsi – Rs)
Where:
Bt = Two-Phase Formation Volume Factor, bbl/STB
Bo= Oil Formation Volume Factor, bbl/STB
Bg= Gas Formation Volume Factor, bbl/SCF
Rsi = Initial Solution Gas-Oil Ratio, SCF/STB
Rs = Solution Gas-Oil Ratio, SCF/STB
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Example #5
 What is the Two phase Formation Volume factor of a
reservoir at 1200 psia and temperature of 160 °F, given
that the following:
Bo, Oil Formation Volume Factor at 1200 psia-1.210 rb/stb

Rs, Solution Gas Oil Ratio at 1200 psia - 337 scf/stb
Rsi, Initial Solution Gas Oil Ratio - 567 scf/stb
z, Gas deviation factor (z factor) - 0.890
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zT
Bg  0.02829 cu. ft. / SCF
p
zT
Bg  0.00504 bbl / SCF
p
Bo at 1200 psia = 1.210 rb/stb
Rs at 1200 psia = 337 scf/stb
Rsi = 567 scf/stb
z = 0.890
p = 1200 psia
T = 160 °F + 460 = 620 °R
Bg ?? bbl/SCF
Karen Boodoo 54
Bt Units
bbl bbl  SCF SCF 
 
Bt = STB SCF  STB STB 

bbl bbl  SCF 

Bt = STB  SCF  STB 
bbl
Bt = STB
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zT
Bg  0.00504
p
0.890  620
Bg  0.00504  0.002318 bbl / SCF
1200
=1.210 + 0.002318 (567 – 337)
= 1.743 bbl/STB
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Useful Formulas
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Useful
Graphs
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Bo, Rs and o are functions of Pressure
Pa Pbp Pi
Bo Pa –abandonment pressure
Pbp –bubble-point pressure
Pi –initial pressure
Rs
o
Low viscosity is good
High viscosity is bad

Pressure
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Useful Formulas
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Useful Formulas
Karen Boodoo 61
CALCULATE VALUES FOR pb,
Bo, Bt, Rs, co, μo, RF USING
CORRELATIONS.
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GAS SOLUBILITY, Rs
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Gas Solubility, Rs
 The amount of gas that will
come out of a sample of
reservoir crude oil as
pressure decreases.
 As pressure is dec’d from pi
to pb, no gas evolves from
the oil  Rs remains constant
at its max. value of Rsb.
 Below the pb, the solution gas
is liberated and the value of
Rs decreases with pressure.
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5 Correlations for Estimating Rs
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Standing’s (1947) Correlation (at or
below pb)
 Applications at or below pb of the crude oil.
 Rs is a function of pressure, gas specific
gravity, API gravity, and system pressure.
 The correlation was developed from 105
experimentally determined data points on 22
HC mixtures from California crude oils and
natural gases. 141.5
 API   131.5
 Average error = 4.8% o
 Specific Gravity of oil can be calc’d from:
Karen Boodoo 66
Standing’s (1947) Correlation (at or
below pb)
1.2048
 p  x
Rs   g   1.4 10 
 18.2  
Where :
x  0.0125 API  0.00091 T  460 
T = Temperature, R  API 
141.5
 131.5
p = Bubble-point pressure, psia o
g = Solution gas specific gravity (no units)
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Example #6
The following experimental PVT data on six different crude oil systems are
available. Results are based on two-stage surface separation. Using
Standing’s correlation, estimate the gas solubility at the bubble-point
pressure and compare with the experimental value in terms of the absolute
average error (AAE).
T, pb, Rs , Bo, ρo, co, psi-1 at psep, Tsep, API,
Oil # o
F psia scf/STB bbl/STB lb/ft3 p > pb psia o
F deg. g
22.14*10-6
1 250 2377 751 1.528 38.13 at 2689 150 60 47.1 0.851
18.75*10-6
2 220 2620 768 1.474 40.95 at 2810 100 75 40.7 0.855
22.69*10-6
3 260 2051 693 1.529 37.37 at 2526 100 72 48.6 0.911
21.51*10-6
4 237 2884 968 1.619 38.92 at 2942 60 120 40.5 0.898
24.16*10-6
5 218 3065 943 1.570 37.7 at 3273 200 60 44.2 0.781
11.65*10-6
6 180 4239 807 1.385 46.79 Karen Boodooat 4370 85 173 27.3 0.848
68
Solution to Example #6 Predicted is calculated value.
Measured is measured value
in lab from core sample.
1.2048
 p  x
Rs   g   1.4 10  Where : x  0.0125 API  0.00091 T  460
 18.2  
Predicted Measured
Oil # x 10x Rs, scf/STB Rs, scf/STB % Error
=(838-
751/838)*10
1 0.361 2.297 838 751 0=8.63
2 0.309 2.035 817 768 6.3
3 0.371 2.349 774 693 11.7
4 0.312 2.049 969 968 0.108
5 0.322 2.097 1012 943 7.3
6 0.177 1.505 998 807 23.7
Karen Boodoo 69
AAE, Absolute Average Error = (Predicted-Measured)/Predicted AAE = 10.1 %
The Vasquez-Beggs (1980)
Correlation
The correlation was obtained by regression analysis using
•
5008 measured gas solubility data points with an AAE of

12.7%.
•Based on oil gravity.
•Based on two-stage separation:
•Stage 1 = Average Field separator conditions
•Stage 2 = Stock Tank
Coefficient API ≤ 30 API > 30

C1 0.0362 0.0178
C2 1.0937 1.1870
C3 25.7240 23.931
Karen Boodoo 70
The Vasquez-Beggs Correlation
  API 
Rs  C1 gs p C2
exp C3  
  T 
  p sep 
 gs 
5

  g 1  5.912 10  API  Tsep  460 log 
  114.7 
Where:
gs = corrected gas gravity at the reference separator pressure (no units)
(represents average field separator conditions)
g = gas gravity at the actual separator pressure of psep and Tsep (no units)
(the specific gravity of the gas, depends on the conditions under which
it is separated from the oil) 141.5
psep = actual separator pressure, psia  API   131.5
Tsep = actual separator temperature, oR
o
Karen Boodoo 71
Example #7
The following experimental PVT data on six different crude oil
systems are available. Solve for the gas solubility using
Vasquez-Beggs correlation.
Oil # o
F deg. g
22.14*10-6
1 250 2377 751 1.528 38.13 at 2689 150 60 47.1 0.851
18.75*10-6
2 220 2620 768 1.474 40.95 at 2810 100 75 40.7 0.855
22.69*10-6
3 260 2051 693 1.529 37.37 at 2526 100 72 48.6 0.911
21.51*10-6
4 237 2884 968 1.619 38.92 at 2942 60 120 40.5 0.898
24.16*10-6
5 218 3065 943 1.570 37.7 at 3273 200 60 44.2 0.781
11.65*10-6
6 180 4239 807 1.385 46.79 at 4370 85 173 27.3 0.848
Karen Boodoo 72
  p sep 
Rs  C1 gs p C2   API 
exp C3    gs   g 1  5.91210 5  API  Tsep  460 log 
  T    114.7 
Predicted Rs, Measured Rs,

Oil # gs scf/STB scf/STB % Error
=(779-
751/779)*100=
1 0.8731 779 751 3.76
2 0.855 733 768 -4.58
3 0.911 702 693 1.36
4 0.850 820 968 15.2
5 0.814 947 943 0.43
6 0.834 841 807 4.30
Karen Boodoo 73
AAE = 4.9%
Glaso’s (1980) Correlation
 Developed from 45 North Sea crude oil reservoirs
 AAE = 1.28%
 Function of API gravity, pressure, temperature and gas
specific gravity.
1.2255
 API 0.989
 
Rs   g   p
0.172  b 
  T  460  

p  10
b
x
Where: pb* is a correlating number.
x  2.8869  14.1811  3.3093 log p  

0.5
141.5
 API   131.5
Karen Boodoo
o 74
Example #8
systems are available. Solve for the gas solubility using Glaso’s
correlation.
Oil # o
F deg. g
22.14*10-6
1 250 2377 751 1.528 38.13 at 2689 150 60 47.1 0.851
18.75*10-6
2 220 2620 768 1.474 40.95 at 2810 100 75 40.7 0.855
22.69*10-6
3 260 2051 693 1.529 37.37 at 2526 100 72 48.6 0.911
21.51*10-6
4 237 2884 968 1.619 38.92 at 2942 60 120 40.5 0.898
24.16*10-6
5 218 3065 943 1.570 37.7 at 3273 200 60 44.2 0.781
11.65*10-6
6 180 4239 807 1.385 46.79 at 4370 85 173 27.3 0.848
Karen Boodoo 75
pb  10 x
Solution to Example #8 1.2255
 API 0.989
 
x  2.8869  14.1811  3.3093 log p  
0.5
Rs   g  p
0.172  b 
  T  460  
Predicted Measured
Oil # x pb* Rs, scf/STB Rs, scf/STB % Error
=(737-
751/737)*10
1 1.155 14.286 737 751 0=-1.84
2 1.196 15.687 714 768 -6.92
3 1.095 12.450 686 693 -0.90
4 1.237 17.243 843 968 -12.92
5 1.260 18.210 868 943 -7.95
6 1.413 25.883 842 807 4.34
Karen Boodoo 76
AAE = 5.8 %
Marhoun’s (1988) Correlation
 160 experimental saturation pressure data from the Middle
Eastern crude oil systems.

Rs  a  T p b
g
c
o
d
 e
 a    e
Rs b
g  T  p
c
o
d
 Where:
g = Gas specific gravity o = Stock-tank oil gravity
T = Temperature, R a = 185.843208
141.5
b = 1.877840 c = -3.1437  API   131.5
d = -1.32657 e = 1.398441 o
Karen Boodoo 77
141.5
 API   131.5
Example #9 o
Marhoun’s correlation.
Oil # o
F deg. g
22.14*10-6
1 250 2377 751 1.528 38.13 at 2689 150 60 47.1 0.851
18.75*10-6
2 220 2620 768 1.474 40.95 at 2810 100 75 40.7 0.855
22.69*10-6
3 260 2051 693 1.529 37.37 at 2526 100 72 48.6 0.911
21.51*10-6
4 237 2884 968 1.619 38.92 at 2942 60 120 40.5 0.898
24.16*10-6
5 218 3065 943 1.570 37.7 at 3273 200 60 44.2 0.781
11.65*10-6
6 180 4239 807 1.385 46.79 at 4370 85 173 27.3 0.848
Karen Boodoo 78
Predicted Rs, Measured Rs,
Oil # scf/STB scf/STB % Error
=(740-751)/740
1 740 751 *100 =-1.43
2 792 768 3.09
3 729 693 5.21
4 1041 968 7.55
5 845 943 -10.37
6 1186 807 47.03
AAE = 12.4%
Karen Boodoo 79
The Petrosky-Farshad (1993)
Correlation
 81 laboratory analyses from the Gulf of Mexico crude oil
systems.
1.73184
 p  0.8439 x 
Rs    12.340  g 10 
 112.727  
x  7.916 10 4
 API  1.5410

 4.561 10 5
 T  460 1.3911
 Where:
p = Pressure, psia 141.5
 API   131.5
T = Temperature, R o
Karen Boodoo 80
Example #10
Petrosky-Farshad correlation.
Oil # o
F deg. g
22.14*10-6
1 250 2377 751 1.528 38.13 at 2689 150 60 47.1 0.851
18.75*10-6
2 220 2620 768 1.474 40.95 at 2810 100 75 40.7 0.855
22.69*10-6
3 260 2051 693 1.529 37.37 at 2526 100 72 48.6 0.911
21.51*10-6
4 237 2884 968 1.619 38.92 at 2942 60 120 40.5 0.898
24.16*10-6
5 218 3065 943 1.570 37.7 at 3273 200 60 44.2 0.781
11.65*10-6
6 180 4239 807 1.385 46.79 at 4370 85 173 27.3 0.848
Karen Boodoo 81
Predicted Rs, Measured
Oil # x scf/STB Rs, scf/STB % Error
=(772-
751/772)*10
0
1 0.2008 772 751 =2.86
2 0.1566 726 768 -5.46
3 0.2101 758 693 9.32
4 0.1579 875 968 -9.57
5 0.1900 865 943 -8.28
6 0.667 900 807 11.57
Karen Boodoo AAE = 7.84%
82
BUBBLE-POINT PRESSURE, pb
Karen Boodoo 83
Bubble-Point Pressure, Pb
 Highest pressure at which a bubble of gas is first liberated
from the oil.
 Measured experimentally for a crude oil system by conducting
a constant-composition expansion test.
 In the absence of the experimentally measured Pb,
correlations can be used.
 Pb is a strong function of gas solubility (Rs), gas gravity (g), oil
gravity (API), and Temperature (T).
pb  f  Rs ,  g , API , T   API 
141.5
 131.5
o
Karen Boodoo 84
5 Correlations for Estimating pb
Karen Boodoo 85
Standing’s (1947)Correlation
 Pb is a function of gas solubility, gas gravity,

oil, API gravity, and system temperature.
natural gases.
 Average error = 4.8%
 Should be used with caution if non-HC
components are present.
Karen Boodoo 86
Standing’s (1947) Correlation
141.5
 API   131.5
 o Karen Boodoo 87
Example #11
The following experimental PVT data on six different crude oil systems are
available. Results are based on two-stage surface separation. Using
Standing’s correlation, estimate the bubble-point pressure and compare with
the experimental value in terms of the absolute average error (AAE).

Oil # o
F deg. g
22.14*10-6
1 250 2377 751 1.528 38.13 at 2689 150 60 47.1 0.851
18.75*10-6
2 220 2620 768 1.474 40.95 at 2810 100 75 40.7 0.855
22.69*10-6
3 260 2051 693 1.529 37.37 at 2526 100 72 48.6 0.911
21.51*10-6
4 237 2884 968 1.619 38.92 at 2942 60 120 40.5 0.898
24.16*10-6
5 218 3065 943 1.570 37.7 at 3273 200 60 44.2 0.781
11.65*10-6
6 180 4239 807 1.385 46.79 Karen Boodooat 4370 85 173 27.3 0.848
88
Karen Boodoo 89
Correlation
Based on oil gravity.
•
•Based on two-stage separation:
•Stage 1 = Average Field separator conditions
•Stage 2 = Stock Tank
Coefficient API ≤ 30 API > 30

C1 27.624 56.18
C2 0.914328 0.84246
C3 11.172 10.393
141.5
 API   131.5
o Karen Boodoo 90
  p sep 
 gs 5

  g 1  5.912 10  API  Tsep  460 log 
  114.7 
Where:
psep = actual separator pressure, psia
141.5
 API   131.5
Example #12
systems are available. Solve for the pb using Vasquez-Beggs
correlation.
Oil # o
F deg. g
22.14*10-6
1 250 2377 751 1.528 38.13 at 2689 150 60 47.1 0.851
18.75*10-6
2 220 2620 768 1.474 40.95 at 2810 100 75 40.7 0.855
22.69*10-6
3 260 2051 693 1.529 37.37 at 2526 100 72 48.6 0.911
21.51*10-6
4 237 2884 968 1.619 38.92 at 2942 60 120 40.5 0.898
24.16*10-6
5 218 3065 943 1.570 37.7 at 3273 200 60 44.2 0.781
11.65*10-6
6 180 4239 807 1.385 46.79 at 4370 85 173 27.3 0.848
Karen Boodoo 92
Karen Boodoo 93
 Developed from 45 North Sea crude oil reservoirs
141.5
 API   131.5
o
94
Example #13
systems are available. Solve for the pb using Glaso’s
correlation.
Oil # o
F deg. g
22.14*10-6
1 250 2377 751 1.528 38.13 at 2689 150 60 47.1 0.851
18.75*10-6
2 220 2620 768 1.474 40.95 at 2810 100 75 40.7 0.855
22.69*10-6
3 260 2051 693 1.529 37.37 at 2526 100 72 48.6 0.911
21.51*10-6
4 237 2884 968 1.619 38.92 at 2942 60 120 40.5 0.898
24.16*10-6
5 218 3065 943 1.570 37.7 at 3273 200 60 44.2 0.781
11.65*10-6
6 180 4239 807 1.385 46.79 at 4370 85 173 27.3 0.848
Karen Boodoo 95
Karen Boodoo 96
 160 experimental bubble-point pressure data from the Middle
Eastern crude oil systems.
141.5
 API   131.5
o
Karen Boodoo 97
Example #14
systems are available. Solve for the pb using Marhoun’s
correlation.
Oil # o
F deg. g
22.14*10-6
1 250 2377 751 1.528 38.13 at 2689 150 60 47.1 0.851
18.75*10-6
2 220 2620 768 1.474 40.95 at 2810 100 75 40.7 0.855
22.69*10-6
3 260 2051 693 1.529 37.37 at 2526 100 72 48.6 0.911
21.51*10-6
4 237 2884 968 1.619 38.92 at 2942 60 120 40.5 0.898
24.16*10-6
5 218 3065 943 1.570 37.7 at 3273 200 60 44.2 0.781
11.65*10-6
6 180 4239 807 1.385 46.79 at 4370 85 173 27.3 0.848
Karen Boodoo 98
Karen Boodoo 99
Correlation
81 laboratory analyses from the Gulf of Mexico crude oil

systems.
 AAE = 3.28%
x  7.916 10  4
 API  1.5410

 4.561 10 5
 T  460 1.3911
141.5
 API   131.5
Example #15
systems are available. Solve for the pb using Petrosky and
Farshad correlation.
Oil # o
F deg. g
22.14*10-6
1 250 2377 751 1.528 38.13 at 2689 150 60 47.1 0.851
18.75*10-6
2 220 2620 768 1.474 40.95 at 2810 100 75 40.7 0.855
22.69*10-6
3 260 2051 693 1.529 37.37 at 2526 100 72 48.6 0.911
21.51*10-6
4 237 2884 968 1.619 38.92 at 2942 60 120 40.5 0.898
24.16*10-6
5 218 3065 943 1.570 37.7 at 3273 200 60 44.2 0.781
11.65*10-6
6 180 4239 807 1.385 46.79 at 4370 85 173 27.3 0.848
Karen Boodoo 101
Karen Boodoo 102

OIL FORMATION VOLUME
FACTOR, Bo (For reservoirs equal
to or below the bubble-point
pressure)
Karen Boodoo 103

 Bo is defined as the ratio of the volume of oil (plus the gas in
solution), at the prevailing reservoir temperature and
pressure, to the volume of oil at standard conditions.
 Bo  1
Karen Boodoo 104

Boi
Karen Boodoo 105

5 Correlations for Estimating Bo at
pressures ≤ the bubble-point
pressure
Karen Boodoo 106

Standing’s (1947)Correlation
 Pb is a function of gas solubility, gas gravity,
oil API gravity, and reservoir temperature.
natural gases.
 Average error = 1.2%
 Specific Gravity of Oil can be found from:
141.5
 API   131.5
o
Karen Boodoo 107
Standing’s (1947) Correlation
Karen Boodoo 108

Correlation
B is a function of R ,  ,  , and T.
•
o s o g
•Correlation based on regression analysis on 6000 measurements
of Bo at various pressures with an AAE of 4.7%.
141.5
 API   131.5
o
  p sep 
 gs 
5

  g 1  5.912 10  API  Tsep  460 log 
  114.7 
Karen Boodoo 109
Karen Boodoo 110

 Developed from 45 North Sea crude oil reservoirs with an
AAE of -0.43% (under predicts Bo) and a std. dev. of 2.18%.
Karen Boodoo 111

141.5
 API   131.5
o
Karen Boodoo 112
 160 experimental data points from 69 Middle Eastern oil
reserves  Non-linear multiple regression analysis.
141.5
 API   131.5
o
Karen Boodoo 113

Correlation
81 laboratory analyses from the Gulf of Mexico crude oil
systems  Non-linear regression.
141.5
 API   131.5
o
Karen Boodoo 114

Example #16
systems are available. Solve for the Bo at the pb using all 5
correlations and calculate the AAE.
Oil # o
F deg. g
22.14*10-6
1 250 2377 751 1.528 38.13 at 2689 150 60 47.1 0.851
18.75*10-6
2 220 2620 768 1.474 40.95 at 2810 100 75 40.7 0.855
22.69*10-6
3 260 2051 693 1.529 37.37 at 2526 100 72 48.6 0.911
21.51*10-6
4 237 2884 968 1.619 38.92 at 2942 60 120 40.5 0.898
24.16*10-6
5 218 3065 943 1.570 37.7 at 3273 200 60 44.2 0.781
11.65*10-6
6 180 4239 807 1.385 46.79 at 4370 85 173 27.3 0.848
Karen Boodoo 115
Karen Boodoo 116

ISOTHERMAL
COMPRESSIBILITY FOR OIL
Karen Boodoo 117

Isothermal compressibility of Crude
Oil, co
 Required to solve:
 Reservoir engineering problems including
transient fluid flow problems
 Determination of the physical properties of the
undersaturated crude oil.
 By definition, the isothermal compressibility of
a substance is def’d mathematically by:
1  V 
c    
V  p T
Karen Boodoo 118
Definition of oil phase, co for
pressures above the bubble-point
pressure
 1  V 
c    
o
V  p 
  T Where:
co = isothermal compressibility, psi-1
ρo = oil density, lb/ft3
 1  Bo  Bo = oil formation volume factor, bbl/STB
co    
 Bo  p T
 1   o 
co    
  o  p T
Karen Boodoo 119
Definition of oil phase, co for
pressures below the bubble-point
pressure
1 Bo B g Rs
co   
Bo p Bo p
Where:
Bo = oil formation volume factor, bbl/STB
Bg = gas formation volume factor, bbl/scf
Rs = gas solubility, scf/STB
Karen Boodoo 120
Correlations for co at pressures above
the bubble-point pressure
 There are several correlations that are
developed to estimate the oil compressibility
at pressures above the bubble-point
pressure, i.e., the undersaturated crude oil
system.
 Two of these are:
 The Vasquez-Beggs correlation
 The Petrosky-Farshad correlation
Karen Boodoo 121

(1980)
 1433  5 Rsb  17.2 T  460   1180 gs  12.61o API
co 
10 5 p
 1433  (5)( Rsb )  (17.2) T  460  (1180)( gs )  (12.61)( o API )

co 
(10 5 )( p )
Where:
T = reservoir temperature, oR
p = pressure above the bubble-point pressure, psia
Rsb = gas solubility at the bubble-point pressure, scf/STB
gs = corrected gas gravity, no units (equation on next slide)
Karen Boodoo 122

(1980)
  p sep 
 gs 
5

  g 1  5.912 10  API  Tsep  460 log 
  114.7 
Where:
gs = corrected gas gravity at the reference separator pressure (no units)
(represents average field separator conditions)
g = gas gravity at the actual separator pressure of psep and Tsep (no units)
(the specific gravity of the gas, depends on the conditions under which
it is separated from the oil)
psep = actual separator pressure, psia
Karen Boodoo 123
The Petrosky-Farshad Correlation
(1993)
co  1.705  10 R 7 0.69357
sb  0.1885
g API 0.3272
 T  460 0.6729
p 0.5906
co  1.705  (10 7 )( Rsb0.69357 )( g0.1885 )( API 0.3272 ) T  460

0.6729
( p 0.5906 )
Where:
p = pressure above the bubble-point pressure, psia
Rsb = gas solubility at the bubble-point pressure, scf/STB
Karen Boodoo 124

Example #17, Part a)
 The following experimental PVT data on six different crude oil systems
are available. Results are based on two-stage surface separation.
Estimate the undersaturated oil compressibility, using the Vasquez-Beggs
and the Petrosky-Farshad correlations.
Oil # o
F deg. g
22.14*10-6
1 250 2377 751 1.528 38.13 at 2689 150 60 47.1 0.851
18.75*10-6
2 220 2620 768 1.474 40.95 at 2810 100 75 40.7 0.855
22.69*10-6
3 260 2051 693 1.529 37.37 at 2526 100 72 48.6 0.911
21.51*10-6
4 237 2884 968 1.619 38.92 at 2942 60 120 40.5 0.898
24.16*10-6
5 218 3065 943 1.570 37.7 at 3273 200 60 44.2 0.781
11.65*10-6
6 180 4239 807 1.385 46.79 Karen Boodooat 4370 85 173 27.3 0.848
125
Solutions to Example #17, Part a)
co, psi-1
Measured co, Vasquez- Petrosky-
Oil # psi-1 p > pb Beggs Farshad
1 22.14*10-6 2689 23.03E-06 22.31E-06
2 18.75*10-6 2810 20.31E-06 19.33E-06
3 22.69*10-6 2526 23.97E-06 23.00E-06
4 21.51*10-6 2942 23.86E-06 23.40E-06
5 24.16*10-6 3273 20.26E-06 20.44E-06
6 11.65*10-6 4370 11.62E-06 11.80E-06
Karen Boodoo 126
Example #17, Part b)
 Determine the degree of accuracy (absolute

average error, AAE) of both the Vasquez-
Beggs and the Petrosky-Farshad
correlations.
Karen Boodoo 127

Solutions to #17, Part b)
AAE = (Predicted-Measured)/Predicted
Where Predicted values are the ones calculated using the respective correlation
Measured values are the ones measured in the lab from a core sample.
The AAE shows the degree of accuracy of the calculated value using the correlation as compared to the
actual lab measured value from a core sample (which is more accurate, but is expensive)
If AAE is:
+ve : Correlation shows an overestimation of the actual value
Karen Boodoo 128
-ve: Correlation shows an underestimation of the actual value
Correlations for co at reservoir
pressures below the bubble-point
 McCain (1988)
pressure
 g  g 
0.12

 Rs  
co   0.00014  Rs  1.25 T  460    B g 
Bo  0.83 p  21.75   o  o  

Where:
p = reservoir pressure (below the bubble-point pressure), psia
Rs = gas solubility at pressure, p, scf/STB
Bo = oil formation volume factor at p, bbl/STB 141.5
 API   131.5
Bg = gas formation volume factor at p, bbl/scf o
o = specific gravity of the stock tank oil (no units)
g = specific gravity of the solution gas
Karen (no units)
Boodoo 129
141.5
 API   131.5
Example #18 o
 A crude oil system exists at 1665 psi and a temperature of
250ºF. Determine the oil compressibility if the system has
the following PVT properties:
API = 47.1 pb = 2377
Bo = 1.393 bbl/STB
o = 0.792 g = 0.851
Bg = 0.001936 bbl/scf
Rs = 515 scf/STB
Karen Boodoo 130

 515 
 0.851  0.851 
0.12

co   0.00014 515  1.25 250    0.001936
1.393 0.831665  21.75  0.792  0.792  

co  424 10 6 psi 1
Karen Boodoo 131

OIL FORMATION VOLUME
FACTOR, Bo (For undersaturated
reservoirs)
Karen Boodoo 132

 Bo is defined as the ratio of the volume of oil (plus the gas in
solution), at the prevailing reservoir temperature and
pressure, to the volume of oil at standard conditions.
 Bo  1
Karen Boodoo 133

Boi
Karen Boodoo 134

Estimating Boat pressures above pb
 With
increasing
pressures
above the
pb, the Bo
decreases
due to the
compression
of oil.
Karen Boodoo 135

 To account for the effects of oil compression on Bo at the
pb is 1st calculated by using any of the methods
previously described.
 The calculated Bo is then adjusted to account for the
effect if increasing the pressure above the pb (in other
words, we work backwards).
 The adjustment step uses the co since:
Karen Boodoo 136

 Rearranging, and integrating this equation
now becomes:
Karen Boodoo 137

 Using this eq’n and Vasquez-Beggs’s expression for co and
integrating, we now have:
141.5
 API   131.5
 Using this eq’n and Petrosky-Farshad’s expression for co
and integrating, we now have:
Where:
(Pressure of interest above pb)

Karen Boodoo 139
141.5
Example #19  API   131.5
o
 A crude oil system exists at 5015 psi and a temperature of 250ºF. Calculate the
oil formation volume factor at 5015 psi using both Vasquez-Beggs’ and
Farshad-Petrosky’s correlations, if the system has the following PVT properties:
API = 47.1 pb = 2392 psi
Rsb = 751 scf/STB Bob = 1.528 bbl/STB
The experimentally measured Bo = 1.457 bbl/STB

g = 0.851 gs = 0.873
Karen Boodoo 140

Solution for Example #19
 Vasquez-Beggs’ correlation:
Karen Boodoo 141

Solution for Example #19
 Farshad-Petrosky’s correlation:
Karen Boodoo 142

TOTAL FORMATION VOLUME
FACTOR, Bt
Karen Boodoo 143

Total Formation Volume Factor, Bt
 Bt = f(p)
 Bt defines the total volume of a system regardless of the
no. of phases present.
 Bt = total volume of HC mixture (oil + gas) @ prevailing p
and T / per unit volume of the stock-tank oil @ std
conditions of p and T
Karen Boodoo 144

 Above pb, no free gas exists  (Vg)p, T = 0:
Bt = Bo above pb, because only ONE phase is present.

Karen Boodoo 145
Karen Boodoo 146

Karen Boodoo 147

3 Correlations for Estimating Bt
Karen Boodoo 148

Standing (1974) Correlation
 387 experimental data points to develop a graphical
correlation for predicting Bt with an AAE of 5%. The
proposed correlation used the following parameters:
Karen Boodoo 149

Standing (1974) Correlation
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 The experimental data on 45 crude samples from the North
Sea were used in developing a generalized correlation for Bt
with a std. dev. of 6.54%
 He modified Standing’s correlating parameter A* and used
regression analysis to develop the following model:
141.5
 API   131.5
o
Karen Boodoo 151

 Based on 1556 experimentally det’d Bt
 Used nonlinear multiple-regression.
 AAE = 4.11%
 Std. Dev. = 4.94%
141.5
 API   131.5
Example #20
 Given the following PVT data:
pb = 2744 psia T = 600R
p = 2000 psia Bo = 1.1752 bbl/STB
g = 0.6744 o = 0.843 60/60
Rs = 444 scf/STB Rsb = 603 scf/STB
 Calculate Bt at 2000 psi by using:

a) Definition of Bt
b) Standing correlation
c) Glaso’s correlation
d) Marhoun’s correlation
Karen Boodoo 153

a) Definition of Bt
Unknown
Unknown
zT
Bg  0.00504 bbl / SCF
p
Karen Boodoo 154

a) Definition of Bt
Use these equations, because g = 0.6744
 gHC  0.75
T pcHC  168  325 gHC  12.5 gHC
2
p pcHC  667  15.0 gHC  37.5 gHC

2
z Ppr = P / Ppc
 gHC  0.75
Tpr = T / Tpc
T pcHC  187  330 gHC  71.5 gHC
2
p pcHC  706  51.7 gHC  11 .1 gHC

2
Karen Boodoo 155

a) Definition of Bt
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a) Definition of Bt
chart
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bbls/STB
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CRUDE OIL VISCOSITY, o
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Crude Oil Viscosity, o
 o controls and influences the flow of oil

through porous media and pipes.
 Def’n: Internal resistance of the fluid to flow.
 o = f (T, p, o, g, Rs)
 Lab measurements should be det’d at Tr and
pr.
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Crude Oil Viscosity, o
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Correlations for Estimating o
Correlations for Estimating o
Dead Oil Saturated Oil Undersaturated Oil
Beal’s corr. Vasquez-Beggs corr.

Beggs-Robinson corr.
Glaso’s corr.
Chew-Connally corr.
Beggs-Robinson corr.
Karen Boodoo 166

Dead Oil – Beal’s (1946) Correlation
 753 values for dead-oil viscosity and above 100F
 Dead-oil = f (T, API)
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Dead Oil – Beggs-Robinson (1975)
Correlation
 460 dead oil viscosity measurements.
 AAE = -0.64%
 Std. Dev. = 13.53%
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Dead Oil – Glaso’s (1980)
Correlation
26 crude oil samples
 Used within the ranges of:
 T = 50-300F
 API gravity = 20-48
Karen Boodoo 169

Saturated Oil Viscosity – Chew-
Connally (1959) Correlation
 457 crude oil samples
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Saturated Oil Viscosity – Chew-
Connally (1959) Correlation
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Saturated Oil Viscosity – Beggs-
Robinson (1975) Correlation
 2073 saturated oil measurements.
 AAE = -1.83%
 Std. dev. = 27.25%
172
Undersaturated Oil Viscosity –
Vasquez-Beggs (1980) Correlation
 3593 data points.
 AAE = -7.54 %
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Undersaturated Oil Viscosity –
Vasquez-Beggs (1980) Correlation
With data ranges:
Karen Boodoo 174

Example #21
 The following experimental PVT data on six different crude oil
systems are available. Results are based on two-stage surface
separation.

Oil # o
F deg. g
22.14*10-6
1 250 2377 751 1.528 38.13 at 2689 150 60 47.1 0.851
18.75*10-6
2 220 2620 768 1.474 40.95 at 2810 100 75 40.7 0.855
22.69*10-6
3 260 2051 693 1.529 37.37 at 2526 100 72 48.6 0.911
21.51*10-6
4 237 2884 968 1.619 38.92 at 2942 60 120 40.5 0.898
24.16*10-6
5 218 3065 943 1.570 37.7 at 3273 200 60 44.2 0.781
11.65*10-6
6 180 4239 807 1.385 46.79 Karen Boodooat 4370 85 173 27.3 0.848
175
Example #21
 The following additional viscosity data is also available:
Oil # Dead Oil Saturated Oil Undersaturated Oil
od, cp @T ob, cp o, cp @p
1 0.765 @ 250F 0.224 0.281 @ 5000 psi

2 1.286 @ 220F 0.373 0.450 @ 5000 psi
3 0.686 @ 260F 0.221 0.292 @ 5000 psi
4 1.014 @ 237F 0.377 0.414 @ 6000 psi
5 1.009 @ 218F 0.305 0.394 @ 6000 psi
6 4.166 @ 180F 0.950 1.008 @ 5000 psi
 Using all the oil viscosity correlations, calculate:
a) od
b) ob
c) Viscosity of the undersaturated Oil
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RECOVERY FACTOR, RF
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RF API Correlations
 Based on 312 case studies of natural depletion and water
drive reservoirs.
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Depletion or Solution Drive Oil
Reservoir @ pb
 API correlation for recovery efficiency for solution gas drive
reservoirs (sands, sandstones and carbonate rocks) is:
 1  S wi  
0.1611 0.0979 0.1741
 k   pb 
     S wi    
0.3722
E R  41.815 
 B ob    ob   pa 
Where:
ER = recovery efficiency, % OOIP @ pb
 = porosity, fraction of bulk volume
Swi = Interstitial water saturation, fraction of pore space
Bob = oil formation volume factor at pb, rb/STB (bbl/STB)
k = absolute permeability, darcies
ob = viscosity of the oil @ pb, cp
pb = bubble-point pressure, psia
pa = abandonment pressure, psia
Karen Boodoo 182
Water Drive Oil Reservoir
 Recovery efficiency for water drive reservoirs (sands, and
sandstones) is:
 1  S wi  
0.0422 0.0770  0.2159
 k wi   pi 
  S wi 
 0.1903
E R  54.898       
Where:  Boi    oi   pa 
ER = recovery efficiency, % OOIP
Swi = Interstitial water saturation, fraction of pore space
Boi = initial oil formation volume factor @ pi, rb/STB (bbl/STB)
k = absolute permeability, darcies
oi = initial oil viscosity @ pi, cp
wi = initial water viscosity @ pi, cp
pi = initial reservoir pressure, psia
pa = abandonment pressure, psia
Karen Boodoo 183
Example #22
a) The following rock and fluid properties is for

a sandstone reservoir with solution gas
drive. Using API correlations, calculate oil
recovery efficiency below the bubble-point.
b) Assuming the same rock and fluid
properties, for a sandstone reservoir with
water drive, calculate the oil recovery
efficiency when the abandonment pressure
is 950 psia.
Karen Boodoo 184

Example #22
 = porosity, fraction of bulk volume 0.22
Swi = Interstitial water saturation, fraction of pore space 0.35
Boi = initial oil formation volume factor, rb/STB) 1.311
Bob = bubble-point oil formation volume factor, rb/STB 1.319
wi = initial water viscosity, cp 0.5
oi = initial oil viscosity, cp 1.032
ob = viscosity of the oil, cp 1.011
pi = initial reservoir pressure, psia 3450
pb = bubble-point pressure, psia 2805
pa = abandonment pressure, psia 500
co = oil compressibility, psi-1 1.24 x 10-5
cw = water compressibility, psi-1 3.00 x 10-6
cf = formation compressibility, psi-1 3.00 x 10-6
k = absolute permeability, millidarcies
Karen Boodoo 350 185
Solution to Example #22, Part a)
a) Solution gas drive below pb
 1  S wi  
0.1611 0.0979 0.1741
 k   pb 
     S wi    
0.3722
E R  41.815 
 B ob    ob   pa 
 0.221  0.35 
0.1611 0.0979 0.1741
 0.35   2805 
E R  41.815    
 0.35  0.3722
 
 1.319   1.011   500 
E R  24.1%
Karen Boodoo 186

Solution to Example #22, Part b)
b) Water drive
  1  S wi  
0.0422 0.0770  0.2159
 k wi   0.1903  p i 
E R  54.898       S wi    
 B oi    oi   pa 
 0.221  0.35 
0.0422 0.0770  0.2159
 0.35  0.5   0.1903  3450 
E R  54.898      0.35  
 1.311  1.032   950 
E R  40.3%
As expected, oil recovery in a water drive reservoir tends to

be better than a solution gas drive reservoir.
Karen Boodoo 187

DESCRIBE THE FLASH AND
DIFFERENTIAL
VAPORIZATION PROCESSES
AND DIFFERENTIATE
BETWEEN THEM.
Karen Boodoo 188
Flash Vaporization
Flash and differential vaporization of a reservoir fluid in a PVT cell are
two familiar studies conducted in the laboratory to measure important fluid
properties.
Flash vaporization is also referred to as constant composition

expansion.
The pressure of the sample fluid is gradually lowered in a confined cell,
causing expansion in the fluid volume; no change in overall fluid
composition is allowed. Any gas evolved during the process remains in
contact with the liquid phase until equilibrium between the two phases is
reached.
Objectives of flash vaporization include the determination of the following:

1.Bubblepoint or saturation pressure
2.Specific volume at saturation pressure
3.Coefficient of thermal expansion
4.Isothermal compressibility of the liquid above the bubblepoint
Karen Boodoo 189
Flash Vaporization
In a constant composition expansion study, a reservoir fluid sample or a
recombined sample obtained from a surface separator or stock tank is
used. This sample is introduced into a cell where the pressure is initially
higher than the reservoir pressure. Any changes occurring in the cell can
be monitored visually. The temperature of the cell is maintained to reflect
the reservoir conditions. The pressure acting on the confined fluid is
gradually lowered in a series of steps by withdrawing mercury from the cell.
The increment in the fluid volume is noted with the decrease in prevailing
pressure. At the end of each step, the vapor and liquid phases are allowed
to\ reach equilibrium. When the bubblepoint of the fluid system is reached,
a sharp change in slope is observed. The fluid volume begins to expand
markedly with pressure decline at and below the bubblepoint due to the
liberation of the vapor phase. No hydrocarbon component is withdrawn
from the experimental cell. Several recombined samples with varying
amounts of dissolved gas are usually employed to study the effect of the
gas/oil ratio on the bubblepoint. Vital information that can be obtained from
flash vaporization measurements includes the values of the formation
volume factor and the gas/oil ratioKaren
as Boodoo
a function of pressure. 190
Flash Vaporization
Karen Boodoo 191

Differential Vaporization Test
A differential vaporization test involves the immediate removal of the
vapor phase following its evolution from the crude oil under declining
pressure. This is viewed to emulate the processes occurring in porous
media more closely. Any gas evolved from the liquid phase is highly
mobile in porous media and is driven rapidly towards the wellbore, while
the oil phase lags behind.
Results of the study include the following:

1.Solution gas/oil ratio
2.Relative oil volume
3.Relative total volume
4.Density of the oil
5.Gas deviation factor
6.Gas formation volume factor
7.Incremental gas gravity
8.Fluid viscosity as a function of pressure
Karen Boodoo 192

Differential vaporization involves the removal of the vapor phase from the
cell as soon as it is liberated at each step of reduction in pressure.
As a result, the composition of the hydrocarbon fluid components in the

experimental cells changes continuously due to the withdrawal of the gas
phase.
Differential vaporization studies involve measurements of liberated gas
volume as well as oil volume undergoing shrinkage as the cell pressure is
reduced.
In turn, this leads to the determination of gas and oil formation volume
factors and solution gas volumes as a function of decreasing pressure
below the bubblepoint. Combined with knowledge of the oil formation
volume factor, the two-phase formation volume factors can be obtained as
well.
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Example #23
 At a pressure of 5000 psia, and separator

conditions of 200 psig and 77F:
a) Determine the pb
b) Calculate the Bo
c) Calculate the Rso
Karen Boodoo 200

a)
pb = 2695 psigKaren Boodoo 201

b) Calculate the Bo : Pressure of 5000 psi is
above pb of 2695 psi
R.V. = V/Vb (Table 6.3) @ p = 5000 psig = 0.9739

Bofb = Vb/Vr (Table 6.4) @ sep. press. = 200 psig = 1.337
Karen Boodoo 202

c) Calculate the Rso: Pressure of 5000 psi is
above pb of 2695 psi
 For pressure > pb, Rso = Rsofb
Where:
 From Table 6.4,

 Separator Gas @ sep. press. = 200psig = 459 SCF/STB
 Stock Tank Gas @ sep. press. = 200psig = 98 SCF/STB
 Rso = Rsofb = Separator Gas + Stock Tank Gas

 Rso = 459 + 98 = 557 SCF/STB
Karen Boodoo 203
Example #24
 At a pressure of 2512 psig, a bubble-point

pressure of 2695 psig and separator
conditions of 200 psig and 77F:
a) Calculate the Bo
b) Calculate the Rso
p of 2512 psig < pb
Karen Boodoo 204

a) Calculate the Bo
Bod = V/Vr (Table 6.3) @ p = 2512 psig = 1.373

Bodb = FVF @ pb = 2695 psig (Table 6.3) = V/Vr = 1.391
Karen Boodoo 205

b) Calculate the Rso
Rsofb = Separator Gas + Stock Tank Gas (both from Table 6.4 @ sep. press. = 200 psig)
Rsofb = 459 + 98 = 557 SCF/STB

Rsodb = value of Rsod at pb = 2695 psig (Table 6.3) = 638
Rsod = @ reservoir pressure = 2512 psig (Table 6.3) = 596
Bodb = FVF @ pb = 2695 psig (Table 6.3) = V/Vr = 1.391
517
1.391
Karen Boodoo 206

Module 4 - Properties of Crude Oil

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Module 4 - Properties of Crude Oil

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Properties of Crude Oil

 Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering (vol. 8)

 Practical Enhanced Reservoir Engineering by Abdus

 Applied Pet. Res. Eng. (2nd Ed.) by Craft and Hawkins.

to fully define the state of a real gas. The equation is a

 Solution Gas-Oil Ratio:

Gas Formation Bg cu.ft / SCF

Oil Formation Bo bbls / STB

Two-Phase Bt bbls / STB

 T =213 + 460 = 673 °R

This answer means that 1 std. cu ft at 14.7

 Saturated Oil Reservoirs - Reservoirs

 Undersaturated Oil Reservoirs- Reservoir

 A crude oil is said to be saturated with gas at

 Below 2500 psia this liquid expansion

28.97   g  p (lb/cu ft)

 The Bell Field is a gas reservoir at a

 T =213 + 460 = 673 °R

28.97   g  p 28.97  0.665  3250

 The change in volume with pressure for

 Typical value: x 10-6 psi-1

 To find the compressibility of a gas from the

Slope at 1000 psia =

 The compressibility of a liquid is defined as:

 Because dV/dp is a –ve slope, the –ve sign

Below Pbp Above Pbp

Solution Gas-Oil Ratio:

Gas dissolved in oil

At 50°F, 40% liquid

 g  0.00091 T  0.0125   o , API

 130 < pb (psia) < 7000

Bo, Oil Formation Volume Factor at 1200 psia-1.210 rb/stb

bbl bbl  SCF 

Pbp –bubble-point pressure

High viscosity is bad

5008 measured gas solubility data points with an AAE of

Coefficient API ≤ 30 API > 30

Predicted Rs, Measured Rs,

x  2.8869  14.1811  3.3093 log p  

 Pb is a function of gas solubility, gas gravity,

T, pb, Rs , Bo, ρo, co, psi-1 at psep, Tsep, API,

•Stage 2 = Stock Tank

Coefficient API ≤ 30 API > 30

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 1433  (5)( Rsb )  (17.2) T  460  (1180)( gs )  (12.61)( o API )

Karen Boodoo 122

co  1.705  (10 7 )( Rsb0.69357 )( g0.1885 )( API 0.3272 ) T  460

Karen Boodoo 124

 Determine the degree of accuracy (absolute

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