Heat exchangers

Calculate log mean temperature difference for the

following shell and tube heat exchanger for two
possible arrangements (i) counter-current and (ii) co-
current flow patterns.

Hot fluid in temperature TH1 = 100°C

Hot fluid out temperature TH2 = 90°C
Cold fluid out temperature TC2 = 50°C
Cold fluid in temperature TC1 = 30°C
LMTD for counter current flow = (60-50) / ln(60/50) =
10 / 0.1823 = 54.85°C.

LMTD for co- current flow = (70-40) / ln(70/40) = 30 /

0.5596 = 53.61°C.
Plate and frame heat exchanger
Double pipe heat exchanger
Shell and tube heat exchanger
 Wilson’s Plot

The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient for any heat transfer equipment is obtained
from , where is the heat flow per unit time (watts), A is the heated
surface area and ΔT the overall temperature difference. It is usual to design
equipment using practical values of U rather than from a series of film coefficients.
However, for the important case of heat transfer from one fluid to another across a
metal surface, Wilson (1915) developed a method for doing so. By way of
illustration, consider cold water flowing through a tube with steam condensing on the
outside. The overall and individual coefficients are given by

1 1 1 B
    Rd
U hi ho k
Nu  C1 Re 4/5 Pr 0.4 For heating

k
hi  C1  ( ) Pr 0.4 Re 0.8  C2v 0.8
di
v  velocity

1 1
 C3 
C3
0.8
U C2 v
Electromagnetic radiation spectrum
Thermal radiation spectrum range: 0.1 to 100 μm
It includes some ultraviolet (UV) radiation and all visible (0.4-0.76
μm) and infrared radiation (IR).

Wavelength, , m
Or
Radiation Distribution

• Radiation is a continuous
function of wavelength
• At higher temps, more
radiation is at shorter
wavelengths.
 Wien’s Displacement Law

Peak can be found

 T  max power  2897.5 m  K for different temps
using Wien’s
Displacement Law:
Planck’s Law
 Kirchhoff’s Law
E1 E2

1  2 If one of the two bodies is a
black body
E1  Ts 
 Eb  Ts 
1
E1
 1
Eb
 = 1

No real surface can have an emissive power exceeding that of a black surface at the same
temperature.
 Grey Body

A grey body is defined as a body with constant emissivity over all

wavelengths and temperatures. Such an ideal body does not exist in
practice but the assumption is a good approximation for many
objects used in engineering.

ε<1, α<1
Emissivity (ε) is independent of wavelength
Absorptivity (α) is independent of wavelength
incident
 Evaporation
• Removal of solvent as vapour from a solution, slurry or
suspension of solid in a liquid.
• The aim is to concentrate a non-volatile solute, such as
organic compounds, inorganic salts, acids or bases from a
solvent .
• Common solutes are caustic soda, caustic potash, sodium
sulphate, sodium chloride, phosphoric acid, and urea. The
most common solvent in most of the evaporation systems
is water.
• Removal of moisture from a substance in presence of a
hot gas stream to carry away the moisture leaving a solid
residue as the product is generally called drying.
• Evaporation is normally stopped before the solute starts to
precipitate in the operation of an evaporator.
The product to be concentrated is separated from the heating
medium by a tube wall, or a flat curved plate.
The typical heating medium is steam or vapour.
The system can be evacuated in order to lower the boiling
temperature.
The evaporated vapour can be reused as heating medium often in
combination with either mechanical or thermal recompression.
(Regeneration)
Short-Tube Vertical Evaporators/ Long-Tube Vertical Evaporators
Calandria
Falling Film Evaporators
Forced Circulation Evaporators
Agitated Thin Film Evaporator