MATRICES AND MATRIX

OPERATIONS

Week 1
SKILLS OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to demonstrate
the following:
1. Perform the arithmetic operations of matrix addition,
subtraction, scalar multiplication and multiplication.
2. Compute the transpose of the matrix.
3. Compute the trace of the matrix.
4. Determine whether the product of two given matrices is
defined.
5. Compute matrix products using row-column method, the
column method and the row method.
6. Express the product of a matrix and a column vector as a
linear combination of the columns of the matrix.
7. Express a linear system as a matrix equation and identify the
coefficient matrix.
The following rectangular array with three rows and seven
columns might describe the number of hours that a student spent
studying three subjects during a certain week:

If we suppress the headings we form the matrix

•   Matrix Definition

For example, a 3x4 matrix has entries written as

A=
 Submatrices
•  

Suppose A = , the columns of A are: c1= c2=c2= the rows are r1=, r2 =
•   Transpose of a matrix

If is any matrix, then the transpose of , denoted by , is defined

to be the matrix that results from interchanging the rows and
columns of ; that is, the first column of is the first row of , the
second column of is the second row of , and so forth.
• Examples:
••   OPERATIONS ON MATRICES

 Two matrices are defined to be equal if they have the

same size and their corresponding entries are equal.
The equality of two matrices A = and B = of the same size
can be expressed either by writing = or by writing
= where the equalities hold for all values i and j.

Consider the matrices

A= , B=, C=
If x= 5, then A = B, but for all other values of x the matrices A and
B are not equal. There is no value of x for which A = C since A
and C have different sizes.
••   Symmetric Matrix
A special kind of square matrix that is equal to its transpose.
()
Example: A= = =

• If A is a square matrix, then the trace of A, denoted by tr(A) is

defined to be the sum of the entries on the main diagonal of
A. The trace of A is undefined if A is not a square matrix.
• Example. Find the trace of A in the previous example.

tr(A) = 1 + 4 + 6= 11
•   Matrix Addition and Subtraction

If A and B are matrices of the same size , then the sum A+B is the
matrix obtained by adding the entries of B to the corresponding
entries of A, and the difference A-B is the matrix obtained by
subtracting the entries of B from the corresponding entries of A.
Matrices of different sizes cannot be added or subtracted. In matrix
notation,
If A = and B= have the same size, then
and

Ex: Let A = and B = then A-B = =

 Scalar Multiplication
•  

If A is any matrix and c is any scalar, then the product cA is the matrix
obtained by multiplying each entry of the matrix A by c. The matrix cA
is said to be a scalar multiple of A. If A =, then = c =c.
Let A= then 3A =
 Zero Matrix

•  

Solve the following matrix equation:

0=+
Equivalently, =
The definition of matrix equality reduces the matrix equation to 4 scalar
equations:
From the equation we have x=1, y=2, z=3 and w=4
•  
Example: no.3 p.36
Consider the matrices
A=, B=, C=,
D= E=

In each part, compute the given expression (where possible).

(a) D+E (b) D-E (c) 5A (d) -9D (e) 2B-C
(f) 7E-3D (g) 2(D+5E) (h) 2+C (i)
(j)(2-3) (k) tr(D) (l) tr(D-E) (m) 2tr(4B)
•   Matrix Multiplication

The definition of matrix multiplication requires that the number of columns of

the first factor be the same as the number of rows of the second factor in
order to form the product . If this condition is not satisfied, the product is
undefined. A convenient way to determine whether a product of two
matrices is defined is to write down the size of the first factor and, to the right
of it, write down the size of the second factor. If the inside numbers are the
same, then the product is defined. The outside numbers then give the size of
the product.
• Suppose
  that A, B, C, D and E are matrices with the
following sizes:
A (4x5) B (4x5) C(5x2) D(4x2) E (5x4)
Determine whether the given matrix expression is
defined. For those that are defined, give the size of the
resulting matrix.
(a) BA (b) AC + D (c ) AE + B (d) AB + B
(e) E(A+B) (f) E(AC) (g) A (h) (+ E)D
 Matrix Multiplication
•• If
  is an matrix and is an matrix, then the product is the
matrix whose entries are determined as follows. To find the
entry in row and column of , single out row from the matrix
and column from the matrix . Multiplying the corresponding
entries from the row and column together, and then add up
the resulting products.
=
 Example
••   The entry in row 1 and column 4 of is computed as follows:

• The computations for the remaining entries are

Example
•   If A= B= AB=C=
Given:
Find g, w, p and k.
Solution:
R3A x C1B = C31 : 70+6k+9=109 thus k =5
R1A x C3B = C13 : 5p+45+2=77 thus p=6
R2A x C3B = C23 : 15+9w+0= 33 thus w =2
R3A x C2B = C32 : 56+24+21 = g thus g = 101
•• Matrix
  Products as Linear Combinations
• If are matrices of the same size, and if ,…, are scalars, then the
expression of the form
is called a linear combination of , with coefficients ,…,
•  
Theorem: If A is an mxn matrix, and if x is an nx1 column vector,
then the product Ax can be expressed as a linear combination of
the column vectors of A in which the coefficients are the entries
of x.
Example: Matrix Product as Linear Combinations
• The matrix product
can be written as the following linear combination of column
vectors
2=
• Matrix Form of a Linear System
Matrix multiplication has an important applications to systems of
linear equation. Consider a system of m linear equations in n
unknowns

Since two matrices are equal if and only if their corresponding

entries are equal, we can replace the m equations in this system
by the single matrix equation
• The mx1 matrix on the can be written as a product to give

If we designate these matrices by A, x, and b, respectively, then

we can replace the original system of m equations in n
unknowns by the single matrix equation
Ax=b.
• The matrix A in this equation is called the coefficient matrix
of the system. The augmented matrix for the system is
obtained by adjoining b to A as the last column, thus the
augmented matrix is
 Example
• No. 7 p.36
•  
Let A = and B =
Use the row method or the column method (as appropriate) to find
(a) The first row of AB (b) the third row of AB
(c ) The second column of AB (d) the first column of BA
e) The third row of AA (f) The third column of AB
No. 11 p. 36
Find matrices A, x, and b that express the given system of linear equations as a
single matrix equation Ax=b
 Answers to Questions

No.7

No. 11
No. 15 p. 37
Find all values of k, if any, that satisfy the equation

No. 17 p. 37
Solve the matrix equation for a, b, c and d.
 References

1. Elementary Linear Algebra with

Supplemental Applications and Wiley Plus Set
11th Ed., Anton
2. http://www.supermath.info/math321.pdf