Unit - II

Fuels & Combustion

Liquid Fuels
 Classification of crude petroleum

 Refinery crudes are characterized as light, moderate

and heavy crudes.

 Light and moderate crudes are typically targeted for

gas, naphtha, diesel, light and heavy gas oil
fractions.

 Heavy crudes are targeted for coke and residue

product.
 Classification of crude petroleum

 Crude oils are of three main classes name according

to the type of hydrocarbon which predominant the
oil.

 If the aliphatic groups are greater than 75% the

crude oil is called paraffinic.

 If the naphthenic ring are greater than 70% the

crude oil is called naphthenic.

 If the aromatic ring are greater than 60% the crude

oil is called as asphaltic.

 However, most crude oils are of a mixed type.

 Refining of crude oil
Primary Stage

 The crude oil well found in the earth crust.

 A well is drilled so that crude oil

travel up the bore hole.

 Finding oil and gas trapped

deep underground and drilling a
well are very complicated and
expensive.

 It costs millions of pound to drill

a well and only a few are
successful.
 Refining of crude oil
Primary Stage
 The liquids found underground can be a complicated
mixture of water, crude oil and gas.

 The crude oil and gas need to be separated before

they can be transported safe.

 The crude oil which comes from well contain

impurities of water, inorganic solids like sand and
gases such as methane, ethane etc.

 These gases are partially removed in storage tanks.

 The crude oil is first passed through a centrifugal

separator which remove most of the water, solid
impurities and wet gases.
 Refining of crude oil
Primary Stage

 Oil and gas are often found far away or under the
sea and it have to send for distillation.

 Crude oil is transported to an oil refinery.

 The crude oil is often found
in remote places such as
deserts, jungle or the Arctic.

 The products can travel

through pipelines, by road,
rail or by boats around the
coast or along rivers and
canals.
 Refining of crude oil

 Crude oil is often a dark, sticky liquid that cannot be

used without changing it.

 The modern refining processes

include distillation, cracking,
polymerization etc.

 The Main aim is to

economically obtain the
maximum quantity of gasoline
along with the desired
properties of various product.
 Refining of crude oil

 Crude oil is often a dark, sticky liquid that cannot be

used without changing it.

 The modern refining processes

include distillation, cracking,
polymerization etc.

 The Main aim is to

economically obtain the
maximum quantity of gasoline
along with the desired
properties of various product.
Refining of crude oil

 The first part of

refining crude oil is to
heat it until it boils.

 The boiling oil turns

into a mixture of gases
in the column.

 The gases flow up the

column which is
hottest at the bottom
and cooler at the top.
Refining of crude oil

 The gases cool down

as they go up the
column until they
condense (turn back
into liquid again).

 The separated liquids

and gases, after
cleaning and further
processing, are used
to make many
products.
Refining of crude oil
Thank You