INRODUCTION

DOUBLE INTREGRATION
 The edge view of the neutral surface of a deflected beam is
called the elastic curve of the beam.
 The equation of the elastic curve is first determined and then the
deflection of beam at any point is determined.

 The deflections are assumed to be so small that there is no

appreciable difference between the original length of the beam
and the projection of its deflected length. So the elastic curve is
very flat and its slope at any point is very small.
 DOUBLE INTREGRATION

Here, ρ is the radius of curvature. As the elastic curve is flat,

ds ≈ dx

The product ‘EI’ is

called the flexural
rigidity of the beam.
DOUBLE INTREGRATION
BOUNDAY CONDITION
 Constants are determined from
boundary
x x
conditions
EI y   dx  M  x  dx  C1x  C2
0 0

 Three cases for statically determinant

beams,
– Simply supported beam
y A  0, yB  0

– Overhanging beam
y A  0, yB  0

– Cantilever beam
y A  0,  A  0
More complicated loadings require multiple
integrals and application of requirement for
continuity of displacement and slope.
DIRECT DETERMINATION OF THE ELASTIC
CURVE: LOAD DISTRIBUTION
 For a beam subjected to a distributed load,
dM d 2M dV
 V  x 2
   w x 
dx dx dx

 Equation for beam displacement becomes

d 2M d4y
2
 EI 4
  w x 
dx dx

 Integrating four times yields

EI y  x     dx  dx  dx  w x  dx

 16 C1x3  12 C2 x 2  C3 x  C4

 Constants are determined from boundary

conditions.

9-6
 PROCEDURE FOR DOUBLE
INTEGRATION
 Sketch the elastic curve of the beam, taking into account the
boundary conditions zero displacement at pin supports as well as
zero displacement and zero slope at built-in (cantilever) supports.

 Use the method of sections to determine the bending moment M at

an arbitrary distance x from the origin. Always show M acting in
the positive direction on the free-body diagram. If the loading has
discontinuities, a separate expression for M must be obtained for
each segment between the discontinuities.

 By integration the expressions for M twice, obtain an expression

for EIy in each segment. Do not forget to include the constants of
integration.
9-7
 PROCEDURE FOR DOUBLE
INTEGRATION
 Evaluate the constants of integration from the boundary integration
and the continuity integration on slope and deflection between
segments.

 Frequently only the magnitude of the deflection, called the

displacement, is required. We denote the displacement by ‘y’; that
is EIy

9-8
 PROBLEM -1
Determine the maximum deflection in a simply supported beam of
length L carrying a concentrated load P at mid span

9-9
 PROBLEM -1

Put the value of C1 and C2 in Eqn. (1)

9 - 10
 PROBLEM -1

Maximum deflection take place at x = L/2 or mid span

9 - 11
 PROBLEM -2
Compute the value of EIy at midspan for the beam loaded as
shown. If E= 10 Gpa, what value of I is required to limit the
midspan deflection to 1/360 of the span

9 - 12
PROBLEM -2

9 - 13
PROBLEM -2

9 - 14
 PROBLEM -3
Compute the value of EIy at the right end of the overhanging
beam as shown.

9 - 15
PROBLEM -3

9 - 16
 Moment-Area Theorems
Geometric properties of the elastic curve can
be used to determine deflection and slope.

Consider a beam subjected to arbitrary loading,

d d 2 y M
 
dx dx 2 EI
D xD
M
 d   EI
dx
C xC
xD
M
 D  C   EI
dx
xC

First Moment-Area Theorem:

 D C  area under (M/EI) diagram between
C and D.
9 - 17
 Moment-Area Theorems
Moment-Area Tangents to the elastic curve at P and P’ intercept
a segment of length dt on the vertical through C.
M
dt  x1d  x1 dx
EI
xD
M
tC D   x1
EI
dx = tangential deviation of C
xC with respect to D

Second Moment-Area Theorem:

The tangential deviation of C with respect to D
is equal to the first moment with respect to a
vertical axis through C of the area under the
(M/EI) diagram between C and D.

9 - 18
 PROBLEM -4
The cantilever beam has a rectangular corss-section 50mm wide by
h mm high. Find the height h if the maximum deflection is not to
exceed 10 mm. Use E = 10 GPa

9 - 19
PROBLEM -4

9 - 20
 PROBLEM -5
Find the maximum deflection for the cantilever beam loaded as
shown. If the corss section is 50 mm wide by 150 mm high. Use
E = 69 GPa

9 - 21
 PROBLEM -6
For the beam as shown, find the value of EIy at 2 ft from R2.
(Hint: Draw the reference tangent to the elastic curve at R2)

9 - 22
PROBLEM -6