Chapter 1:

Introduction of
Open Standards

ITP4111
Open Standards Networking

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 Common open standards
for networking devices

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 Types of Standards

Networking standards can be classified as proprietary, de facto, national or open.

• Proprietary standards are owned by one particular organization. E.g. Cisco
EIGRP, VTP
• If that organization has sufficient market clout and the industry lacks
alternatives to its standards, it may be adopted by the whole industry,
becoming a de facto standards. E.g. Cisco NetFlow, Frame Relay frame, LMI
frame.
• National standards are sets of mandatory and recommended standards
regulated by an organization which is empowered by local laws. E.g. ANSI/TIA-
942, BS 7799-2:2002
• Open standards are not owned by anyone, they are created by neutral
organizations to ensure that compatible products can be designed and
developed by different companies. E.g. IEEE 802.11n, ISO/IEC 17799:2000

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 • Today, nearly all networking standards are
open standards, administered by a standards
organization or industry group.

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 Internationally recognized standards
bodies - National
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI): ANSI is the main
organization responsible for coordinating and publishing computer and
information technology standards in the United States. They oversee
and accredit the organizations that actually create the standards.
• The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) is an
independent, non-profit, standardization organization in the
telecommunications industry (equipment makers and network
operators) in Europe. ETSI has been successful in standardizing GSM
and 3GPP cell phone system.
• The Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China
(SAC 国家标准化管理委员会 ):  the SAC is responsible for organizing
the activities of the Chinese National Committee for ISO and IEC; the
SAC approves and organizes the implementation of international
cooperation and the exchange of projects on standardization.

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 Internationally recognized standards
bodies - Global
• ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) -  It
coordinates standards for telecommunications on a worldwide
basis. International Telegraph Union (ITU) became a United Nations
specialized agency in 1947, and the International Telegraph and
Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) was created in 1956. It
was renamed ITU-T in 1993.
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) - open international
community of network designers, operators, vendors, and
researchers concerned with the evolution of the Internet
architecture and the smooth operation of the Internet.  A Request
for Comments (RFC) is a publication of the IETF and the Internet
Society.
• International Organization for Standardization (ISO) - is an
international standard-setting body composed of representatives
from various national standards organizations.
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 • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) - The IEEE is a well-
known professional organization for those in the electrical or electronics
fields, including computers and networking. The IEEE 802 Project, which
encompasses many popular networking technologies including Ethernet. 
• Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA): The EIA is an international industry
association that is best known for publishing electrical wiring and
transmission standards. 
• Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA): The TIA is the
communications sector of the EIA, and is responsible for developing
communications standards. Since communications, wiring and
transmission are all related, and since the TIA and EIA organizations are
also related, standards produced by the EIA or TIA are often labeled with
the combined prefixes “EIA/TIA” or “TIA/EIA”.

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 Common Open Standards

• Request For Comments (RFC) documents were invented

by Steve Crocker in 1969 to help record unofficial notes on the
development of the ARPANET. They have since become the
official record for Internet specifications, protocols,
procedures, and events.
• IEEE 802.3 is a working group and a collection of IEEE
standards produced by the working group defining the
physical layer and data link layer's media access control (MAC)
of wired Ethernet.
• IEEE 802.11 is a set of physical layer standards for
implementing wireless local area network (WLAN).

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 Current market share of
enterprise networking
devices

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 Leading IT Market Researchers

• Gartner, Inc. is an American information

technology research and advisory company.
• Gartner uses hype cycles and Magic
Quadrants for visualization of its market
analysis results.

http://www.gartner.com/technology/home.jsp
http://www.gartner.com/technology/research/predicts/

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 Hyper Cycle for Emerging Technologies -
2012

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 Hyper Cycle for Emerging Technologies -
2013

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 Hyper Cycle for Emerging Technologies -
2015

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 Hyper Cycle for Emerging Technologies -
2017

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 Magic Quadrant for Wired and Wireless
LAN Access Infrastructure 2017

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 Magic Quadrant for Data Center
Networking 2017

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 Magic Quadrant for Enterprise Network
Firewalls 2017

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 Leading IT Market Researchers
• International Data Corporation (IDC) is an
American market research, analysis and
advisory firm specializing in information
technology, telecommunications, and
consumer technology.
http://www.idc.com/
• IDC’s Asia/Pacific Quarterly Switch and
Router Tracker
• IDC's Worldwide Quarterly Enterprise
Networks Tracker
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 HP Networking
HP Networking is the networking division of Hewlett Packard Enterprise, within
the HP Enterprise Business segment. HP's networking division was previously
known as HP ProCurve. In April 2010, following HP's acquisition of 3Com
Corporation.

HP Networking was formed in April 2010 as the combination of these entities:

• HP ProCurve. Based in Roseville, CA, USA. Developer of networking switches
and wireless solutions. Global sales.
• The acquired 3Com Corporation. Based in Marlborough, MA, USA. Global
sales outside of China.
• The 3Com division H3C Technologies Co., Ltd. Based in HangZhou, China.
Developer of networking switches, routers, telephony and wireless solutions.
Sales within China.
• The 3Com division TippingPoint. Based in Austin, Texas. Developer of
networking security solutions, particularly intrusion prevention systems.
Global sales.
• In 2015, HP acquired Aruba Networks. Aruba is now wholly owned by HP.
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 Huawei

• Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. ( 华为 ) is a Chinese

multinational networking and telecommunications equipment
and services company headquartered in Shenzhen,
Guangdong.
• Its core missions are building telecommunications networks;
providing operational and consulting services and equipment
to enterprises inside and outside of China; and manufacturing
communications devices for the consumer market.
• It is the largest telecommunications equipment maker in the
world, having overtaken Ericsson in 2012.

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 Juniper Networks
• Juniper Networks, Inc. is an American manufacturer of networking
equipment founded in 1996. The company designs and sells high-
performance Internet Protocol network products and services.
• Products:
– Network operating system - Junos (JUNOS) is the operating system that runs on most of
Juniper's networking equipment.
– Routers - J, E, LN, M, MX, PTX and T series platforms
– Ethernet switches - Juniper did not offer Ethernet switching products for the first ten years.
However, the need for Ethernet switching portfolio became apparent when Juniper
announced plans for the Enterprise market as early as 2002. EX Series switch products were
introduced in 2008.
– Security products
• SSG Series (short for Secure Services Gateway) is a line of firewall products running ScreenOS by default. These
devices offer basic routing, IPSec and UTM functionality out of the box but do not have advanced management
capabilities
• SRX Series Dynamic Service Gateways is a series of security services devices running Junos. Security features include
the full UTM functionality previously found on ScreenOS, including web filtering, IDP and anti-virus.

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 Benefits and challenges of
multi vendor networking
environment

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 Benefits
• Reduce total cost of ownership (TCO) by bringing down initial costs and even
operating costs.
• Customers are likely to deploy products from multiple vendors when a single
vendor is not able to provide all needed network functions and features.
• If open standards are used, customers will not be lock-in by a single vendor.
• Security vulnerability appears in the devices of a single vendor may not
appear in the devices of other vendors.

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 Challenges
• Vendors typically provide value-added enhancements to standards to ensure
vendor lock-in.
• Enterprise prefers to deal with a preferred strategic partner especially for
core network infrastructure products.
• The operational risk associated with network support is a primary factor
influencing the decisions to use single or multivendor architectures.
• Staffing costs and training costs may be higher.
• Networking equipment from different vendors is not designed to
interoperate under all production conditions; when these products are
implemented on a common network, greater effort is required around
design, testing, and management.
• Customers have difficulty getting vendors' support teams to work together,
and experience operational impacts related to vendors' lack of understanding
of each other's products.
• Managing security of network equipment from multiple vendors requires
sophisticated skills, and understanding of security and network architectures
from all vendors.

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 Best Practices of Using Multi Vendor
Networking Devices

• Having well-defined boundaries around the new solution.

• Reduce interface points to a minimum and not randomly mixing products of
various vendors. E.g. one vendor for access switching, the other for the core
network; or one vendor in region A, with the other vendor in region B.
• Using some form of multivendor management tools for fault alerting,
configuration management or performance management.
• Ensuring that you use standards as much as possible, especially interfaces
between building blocks within the network.
• Regularly reduce or eliminate proprietary protocols from use in the network.
• Ensuring that the new vendor provides transition help during the
implementation phase.

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 Using networking devices
from different vendors

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 H3C Certification Training
CertificationTraining
Certification Training

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 H3C Router Portfolio

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 H3C Switch Portfolio

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 H3C Switch Portfolio

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 H3C Wireless Products

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 H3C Network Security Products

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 Network Management

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 Command Line Operation Basics

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 Terminal Emulator Settings for Console
Port

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 Command Views
• User view
• System view
• Routing protocol view
• Interface view
• User Interface view
• …

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 View Relationships

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 Enter System View
<H3C> system-view
[H3C]
[H3C] quit
<H3C>
<H3C> system-view
[H3C] sys?
sysname
 [H3C] sysname?
TEXT Host name (1 to 30 characters)
[H3C] sysname IVECW
[IVECW]
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 Common display commands
display version
display current-configuration
display interface
display ip interface brief
display diagnostic-information

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 Command Level
• Visit(0) - for network diagnosis (e.g. ping,
tracert, telnet)
• Monitor(1) - system maintenance and service
fault diagnosis (e.g. display, debugging)
• System(2) - service configuration commands
• Manage(3) - parameter settings and all
system level configuration

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 Configure Remote Login through Telnet

[H3C] telnet server enable

[H3C] user-interface vty 0 4

[H3C-ui-vty0-4] authentication-mode scheme
[H3C-ui-vty0-4] quit

[H3C] int g0/0 (or int e0/0 depending on the model of your router)
[H3C-GigabitEthernet0/0] ip add 172.18.20.181 255.255.248.0
[H3C-GigabitEthernet0/0] q

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 Create User Account for Telnet
 # if auth-mode is scheme, you have to create a user
as the following

[H3C] local-user test

[H3C-luser-test] password simple test
[H3C-luser-test] service-type telnet
[H3C-luser-test] quit

[H3C] super password level 3 simple H3C

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 Log in the router with Telnet in the PC.
 <H3C>

Change the user privilege level to manage

level
< H3C > super 3

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 Network Device File Management

File types:
• Application files: Comware, with .bin
• Configuration files: with .cfg
• Log files

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 Kinds of Storage Media
• ROM – store Boot ROM, file loader and
for file recovery.
• Flash – store application file,
configuration file and log file. Can be a CF
card or a built-in flash.
• RAM – for system running, running
config.

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 Common File Management Commands
• mkdir directory
• rmdir directory
• pwd
• dir [/all] [file-url]
• cd directory
• delete [/unreserved] file-url
• undelete file-url
• reset recycle-bin [file-url] [/force]
• more file-url
• rename fileurl-source fileurl-dest
• copy fileurl-source fileurl-dest
• move fileurl-source fileurl-dest
• dir [/all] [file-url]
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 Configuration File Operations
< H3C > save # save running configure to flash
< H3C > reset save-configuration
# delete saved configuration
< H3C > reboot
< H3C > startup saved-configuration filename
# define filename of saved configuration
< H3C > backup saved-configuration to dest-addr
[filename] # backup saved configuration via TFTP
< H3C > restore saved-configuration from src-addr
filename

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 Common Display Commands
• display save-configuration
• display startup # startup filename
• display current-configuration
# the validated configuration
• display this
# the validated configuration in current view

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 Rebooting the System
reboot

At the end of the boot ROM startup, if Crtl-B is

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the system will stop the 53
loading process and enter the Boot ROM mode.
 Connecting and
Troubleshooting H3C Devices

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 Basic Configurations
[H3C] sysname RTA ; hostname RTA
[RTA] interface GigabitEthernet 0/1
[RTA-GigabitEthernet 0/1] ip add 192.168.0.1 24
[RTA] interface Serial 6/0
[RTA-Serial6/0] ip add 192.168.10.1 30
[RTA] ip route-static 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0
192.168.10.2 ; static route
[RTA] quit
<RTA> ping -c 50 192.168.10.2
<RTA> ping -s 512 192.168.10.2
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 Debugging
• terminal monitor – enable monitoring of system
information on the console. [This is the default
setting]
• terminal debugging – enable the display of
debugging information on the current terminal.
• debugging module-name – enable he debugging
of a specific module. E.g. debugging ip icmp
• display debugging – display enabled debugging
functions.
• undo debugging all - to disable all debugging.
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 Reference

• Reference Textbook for the module

– Charles Kozierok, Ch.3 The TCP/IP-Guide: A
Comprehensive, Illustrated Internet Protocols
Reference, 2005. http://
www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_toc.htm
– H3C Technologies Co., Ltd., H3CNE Exam Training
Textbook - Building Networks for Small- and
Medium-Sized Businesses (v6.0).

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