H e b a T E l ka s sa b y, BDS,

MDSc R e s t o r a t i v e M a t e r i a l s and
Procedures
Au
g u s t 14, 2018
Welcome t o the First lecture o f
t h e FA L L t r i m e s t e r
 S y l l a bu s

Course:

R e s t M a t e r i a l s & P r o c e d u r e s (REST 8 3 0 3 )

Instructors

C o u r s e D i r e c t o r : Dr. He b a Elka ss ab y,
e m a i l : h t e 9 @ s dm. r u t g e r s . e d u
R e q u i r e d Te x t s :

1)A n u s a v i c e (A), “Phillips' S c i e n c e o f D e n t a l M a t e r i a l s , 12th ed." 2013 b y

S a u n d e r s , a n i m p r i n t o f E l s e v i e r I n c . , I S B N : 9781437724189; R u t g e r s
H e a l t h S c i e n c e s L i b r a r y R e s e r v e Call No. WU190 S628s 2013 ( p r i n t ) ,
e - v e r s i o n available h t t p s : / / w w w. c l i n i c a l k e y. c om
/ # ! / b r o w s e / b o o k / 3 - s 2 . 0 - C2 0 0 9 04 2 4 2 5 5

2)P o w e r s a n d W a t a h a (P & W), “ D e n t a l M a t e r i a l s : F o u n d a t i o n s &

A p p l i c a t i o n s , 11th ed." 2017, E l s e v i e r I n c . , I S B N : 9780323316378; R u t g e r s
H e a l t h S c i e n c e s L i b r a r y R e s e r v e Call No. WU190 P88 8 d 2017 ( p r i n t )
Course Description:

19 l e c t u r e s / 3 u n i t e x a m i n a t i o n s

This is a l e c t u r e s e r i e s d e v o t e d t o t h e f u n d a m e n t a l s o f d e n t a l
m a t e r i a l s c i e n c e a n d t o p i c s o f clinical s i g n i f i c a n c e . This c o u r s e is
d e s i g n e d t o a d v a n c e t h e s t u d e n t s ’ k n o w l e d g e o f clinical p r o c e d u r e s
a n d m a t e r i a l s u s e d f o r r e s t o r a t i v e t r e a t m e n t o f p a t i e n t s in
t h e S ch o o l o f D e n t a l Me dic in e .
Course Requirements:

S t u d e n t s a r e r e q u i r e d t o a t t e n d a t l e a s t 70% o f t h e l e c t u r e s g i v e n
in t h e c o u r s e

2)S t u d e n t s a r e r e q u i r e d t o t a k e a q u iz d u r i n g l e c t u r e h o u r s (12
q u i z z e s will b e given). E a c h qu iz is w o r t h 1% o f t h e f i n a l g r a d e ( t h e 12
q u i z z e s a c c o u n t f o r 12% o f t h e f i n a l g r a d e ) . Q u i z z e s t o b e
completed independently

3)S t u d e n t s a r e r e q u i r e d t o t a k e t h e t h r e e u n i t e x a m i n a t i o n s g i v e n
d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e . T h e f i r s t u n i t e x a m i n a t i o n is w o r t h 29% o f t h e
f i n a l g r a d e , t h e s e c o n d u n i t e x a m i n a t i o n is w o r t h 29% o f t h e f i n a l
g r a d e , a n d t h e t h i r d u n i t e x a m i n a t i o n is w o r t h 30% o f t h e f i n a l
g r a d e ( t h e t h r e e u n i t e x a m i n a t i o n s a c c o u n t f o r 88% o f t h e f i n a l
g r a d e ) . A n y r e q u e s t s f o r c h a n g e s in t h e d a t e o r h o u r o f t h e u n i t
examinations m u s t be m a d e through t h e Office o f Academic
Affairs.
 Reading A s s i g n m e n t

To d a y ’ s L e c t u r e :
A, C h a p t e r 2, 3, 4 & P & W, C h a p t e r 2

Next Lecture:
A, C h a p t e r 2, 3, 4 & P & W, C h a p t e r 2
 Materials / Biomaterials
Classification

Co m p o s it e s
M e t a ls Ceramics Polymers

• Crystalline
• Pure metals ceramics • Rigid
• I n t e r m e t a llic Gla s s e s • p o ly m e r s • Mixture o f
two or more
Com p o u n d s W axes
• Allo y s • Inorganic
• Elastomers materials
Salt s
Materials / Biomaterials
Classification
 C h e m i c a l a n d Physical P r o p e r t i e s
o f Materials:

Chemical I d e n t i t y

Composition Molecular S t r u c t u r e
(crystalline,
amorphous)

Phases (grains,
Microstructure glass, g r a i n
boundaries, f l a w s )
 Molecular S t r u c t u r e

Crystalline Amorphous

•iSo hn so r t r a n g e o r d e r o f a t o m s o r
•dRiempeenastiso lnosn g r a n g e in t h r e e
•inE txet er nr na al la ft oo mr mi c raerpr raensgeenmt se n t •S h o r t r a n g e o r d e r o f a t o m s
•e.g., t r i - c a l c i u m p h o s p h a t e , •l o n g r a n g e d i s o r d e r
calcium sulfate, zirconium
oxide •e.g., glass, p l a s t i c s
Ionic Crystalline S t r u c t u r e
Covalent Crystalline S t r u c t u r e
Covalent Crystalline S t r u c t u r e

Diamond
Covalent Crystalline S t r u c t u r e

Diamond Graphite
Metallic Crystalline S t r u c t u r e
C r y s t a l l i n e vs. A m o r p h o u s
Structure

SiO2

Quartz Glass
Composition o f Restorative Materials

W h a t is
a “composition” o f
a substance?

I t s chemical identity o r t h e chemical identity o f its c o m p o n e n t s

(also c a l l e d “ p h a s e s ” )

Ex. 1: t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f g y p s u m is Ca(SO 4 ) . 2H2 O

Ex. 2: t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e c o m p o n e n t s ( o r p h a s e s ) o f s i l v e r
a m a l g a m is Ag 3 Sn, Ag 2 Hg 3 , Sn 7 Hg, e t c .
The chemical c o mp o s i t i o n d e t e r m i n e s t h e
chemical properties o f a material

Solubility Sor p t ion Galvanism Passivation

T ar n is h C y t o t o xic it y
C h em ic al
& & W e t t in g
Bo nding
Cor r o sio Alle r g e n ic it y
n
Microstructure o f Restorative Materials

W h a t is
the “microstructure” o f
a material?

• The a r r a n g e m e n t and distribution o f t h e phases within a

material

• “ P h a s e s ” a r e d i s t i n c t l y i d e n t i f i a b l e c r y s t a l s , p o r e s , glass, f i b e r s ,
etc. t h a t can be observed within t h e m a t e r i a l w i t h t h e unaided
e y e o r w i t h m a g n i f i c a t i o n (i.e., l i g h t m i c r o s c o p e o r e l e c t r o n
microscope)
 The m i c r o s t r u c t u r e (and c o mp o s i t i o n )
d e t e r m i n e s t h e physical p r o p e r t i e s o f a m a t e r i a l

Visco- Optical
Strength D uc t ility e la s t ic it y P rop e r t ies

Hardness Ela s t ic it y Thermal Thermal

Con d u c t iv it y
E xp a n s io n
Metals Composition
Pure Metals and I n t e r m e t a l l i c
C o m p o u n d s (specific
c o m p o s i t i o n s , e.g. Ag, Sn, Ag 3 Sn)
Metals Composition
D e n t a l C a s t i n g Gold
Alloys (Range o f
Compositions)
Role o f Alloying E l e m e n t s in D e n t a l Gold A lloys
 M i c r o s t r u c t u r e o f a Metal?

Grains

Grain B o u n d a r y

•T h e m i c r o s t r u c t u r e is t h e a s s e m b l y o f g r a i n s ( c r y s t a l s ) ,
g r a i n b o u n d a r i e s , p o r e s , a n d g l a s s in t h e m i c r o s c o p i c a l
i m a g e ; e a c h g r a i n is a single c r y s t a l w i t h a d i s t i n c t s p a c i a l
orientation

•T h e g r a i n s ( c r y s t a l s ) c o m e t o g e t h e r a t t h e “ g r a i n
b o u n d a r i e s ” d u r i n g s o l i d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e m e t a l f r o m t h e liquid
s t a t e d u r i n g cooling
 Microstructure o f a Metal

•The size o f t h e g r a i n s o f t h e m a t e r i a l c a n a f f e c t t h e
physical p r o p e r t i e s (such as ductility o f m e t a l s and
strength o f ceramics)

•Grain b o u n d a r i e s a r e usually a r e a s o f w e a k n e s s o f t h e
m a te ri a l and a r e prone t o corrosion
M e t a l Solidification
 Gold Alloy
M ic r o s t r u c t u r e
Silver
Amalgam
M ic r o s t r u c t u r e
Ceramic
Compositions
 Ceramic
M ic r o s t r u c t u r e :
Brick
 Ceramic
M ic r o s t r u c t u r e :
Dental Porcelain
 Ceramic
Microstructure:
Dental Stone
(Gypsum Crystals)
Polymers
Polymerization
o f MMA (to
PMMA)
Copolymers
Polymerization
Polymerization
 Polymer
M ic r o s t r u c t u r e
 REMEMBER…
THROUGHOUT T H I S COURSE!

• T h e clinical p e r f o r m a n c e o f a r e s t o r a t i v e m a t e r i a l
depends on its chemical and physical p r o p e rt ie s .

•T h e c h e m i c a l a n d p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f a m a t e r i a l a r e
d e t e r m i n e d by its composition and m i c r o s t r u c t u r e .

•T h e c o m p o s i t i o n a n d m i c r o s t r u c t u r e o f a m a t e r i a l
g r e a t l y d e p e n d s o n t h e m a n n e r in w h i c h t h e m a t e r i a l is
fabricated
 M A I N POINT!

As d e n t i s t s , w e a r e t h e “ f a b r i c a t o r s ” o f
t h e materials w e use f o r restorative
p r o c e d u r e s ; hence, t h e w a y w e handle t h e
r e s t o r a t i v e m a t e r i a l s will d e t e r m i n e
t h e i r chemical and physical p rop e rtie s ,
and ultimately their …
C L I N I C A L PERFORMANCE!!!