TICKET 2 ENGLISH

Unit 3
Formal, informal and non-formal education
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Outline:
• Vocabulary (education)

• Grammar (past perfect)

• Functions (expressing purpose)

• Writing (report writing)

• Reading (student’s textbook ) pages 42-43

• Listening (student’s TB ) page 40

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Public Students
schools
Adult
education Parents
Education
Exams Teachers

Curriculum Private
institutions
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Various forms of learning

• Formal education: what happens in educational

organisations (schools/universities), leading to formal

qualifications

• Informal education: what happens throughout life

• Non-formal education: what happens in a formal situation

but may not lead to formal qualifications (you may become

a poet, an actor… depends on your talent: the Brit School
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Vocabulary : Education collocations

•  Here's some collocations related to Education and learning situations.

• Make :
- a mistake
- a progress

Examples :
- I started learning Spanish last month, but I haven't made a lot of progress.
- making mistakes can help us to learn quickly.

• Get :
- marks (good / bad)
- a degree
 
Examples :
- I didn't get good marks in my last exam.
- I've got a degree from Al-Akhawayn University.
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Vocabulary : Education collocations

• Do :
- a course (a lesson)
- a subject (Art, History, Computer science ..)
- a research

Examples :
- I did a swimming course before and still can't swim good.
- I'm doing physics at university.
- To do a research using Wikipedia is always a good choice.

• Go :
- to class
- to lectures (at university)

Examples :
- Mr Lee is a good lecturer. I'm going to his lecture tomorrow morning.
- Go to your class and pay attention.
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More expressions and Idioms :

• Practice makes perfect

- regular exercise of an activity or skill is the way to become proficient in it.

• To learn by heart

- -You have to learn irregular verbs by heart.

• To pick up

- I don't understand grammar rules. I just picked my Arabic up from the street.
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dw
rh
otgir h
et eo
s
C
h

Private education
school school
Learning year
Formal illiteracy
Adult priority
Boarding institution
Educational system
High goals
Civic opportunity
Equal education
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Fill in the blanks with the right words:

illiteracy – goal - graduates – system – background - basic

1. You need an educational ………… in mathematics if you want to

be an engineer .
2. Something should be done to reform the educational  …………
of the developing countries.
3. University  ………… find difficulties to find a job nowadays.
4. One educational  ………… for developing countries would be at
least a   ………… education for every citizen.
5. Putting an end to adult …………  is another priority for
developing countries.
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Complete the text with collocations from the box.

formal education - High priority – fight illiteracy – adult education – non formal education
– governmental support – achieve – mixed education – free access – public school –
educational system – private institution – university degree – state supported

Education is a .... .... issue in Morocco. …. …. is that type of

education which students get in a formally-organized school . This
type of education gets complete …. …. . In …. …. , the government
aims mainly to …. …. . It is the adult education. That is, most people
who attend these classes are old. In most Moroccan schools, we
have …. …. .This means that both boys and girls study together. In
the Moroccan …. …. , everybody has …. …. to education, which
means that you can attend a …. …. if you don’t have money to go to
a …. …. . Both the students who attend public and private schools
do higher education, and they get a …. …. upon their graduation.
Both private and public schools in Morocco are …. …. . That is, the
Moroccan government gives its help and support to the private
schools as well as the public ones. Without a good education,
sustainable development would be impossible to ……. .
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THE PAST PERFECT

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he had gone
• Study this example situation:

• Sarah went to a party last week.

• Paul went to the party too.

• But they didn’t see each other because

• Paul went home at 10.30 and Sarah arrived at 11 o’clock.

• So we say:

When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul wasn’t there, he had

gone home.
 “Had gone” is the past perfect
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he had gone
• “Had gone” is the past (simple):

gone
I/we/you/they
Affirmative had seen
he/she/it
finished etc.
I/we/you/they gone
had not =
Negative he/she/it seen
hadn’t
finished etc.
I/we/you/they gone?
Question had he/she/it seen?
finished ? etc.
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Use

We use Past Perfect Tense to describe

ONE ACTION

which happened before

ANOTHER ACTION
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Use

Example :

The train had gone when I arrived at the station.

a. Both and are past actions.

b. happened before .
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Use
Time diagram of Example :

The train had gone when I arrived at the station.

The train had gone

Past Now Future

I arrived

We don’t know when exactly the train went

(Action 1) but it definitely went before the
moment I arrived (Action 2).
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Time indicators for the past perfect:

• Already
• When I arrived, the meeting had already started.
• Just
• When you called, we had just sat down to dinner.
• Still
• When Sarah went home at 5 o’clock, she still hadn’t finished the report
• So far
• How many letters had been typed so far?
• Not yet
• When we finished work, the snow hadn’t stopped yet.
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Complete the sentences using the “past perfect”

1.The plane left at 11. Mr.Morgan arrived at the airport at 11:15 (already)
When Mr. Morgan arrived at the airport, the plane _______________ .

2.We started dinner at 7, the phone rang a few minutes later. (just)
When the phone rang, ______________________________ .

3)The bank closed at 3 o’clock. Sarah got there at 3:30. (already)

By the time Sarah got there, ___________________________ .

4)I went to bed at 11 last night. Right after that you called. (just)
When you called me last night, _________________________ .

5)Khalid didn’t finish the report. He went home at 5. (still)

When Khalid went home at 5, __________________________ .

6)We left for the beach at ten. It started to rain at one (not yet)
When we left for the beach, ____________________________ .
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Read the situations and write sentences ending with before. Use the
verbs in ().
1. The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. It
was his first flight.
(fly) ………………………………………………………… before.

2. A woman walked in the room. She was a complete stranger to

me.
(see) I ………………………………………………………. before.

3. Simon played tennis yesterday. He wasn’t very good because

it was his first time.
(play) ……………………………………………………………….. .

4. Last year we went to Denmark. It was our first time there.

(be) we …………………………………………………………… .
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Put the verbs in correct form: past perfect or past simple.

1.Was tom at the party when you arrived? ‘no, he ….. (go) home.’

2.I felt very tired when I got home, so I …….. (go) straight to bed.

3.The house was quiet when I got home. Everyone …. (go) to bed.

4.Sorry I’m late. The car …………. (break) down on my way here.

5.We were driving along the road when we …… (see) a car which

………… (break) down, so we ………………. (stop) to see if we

could help.
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Expressing purpose
• Hamid went to the shop. He wanted to buy some milk.

• Why did Hamid go to the shop?

• What was his goal?

And the answer is: to buy some milk. or

in order to buy some milk.

Hamid went to the shop in order to buy some milk.

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Expressions of purpose (affirmative)

• To
• So as to + bare infinitive
• In order to Example:  I study to succeed.
 I study to to succeed.
Other Examples:

 He is looking for a part time job to save some pocket money.

 She wakes up early in order to be on time to work.
 Bac students study hard so as to pass their exams.
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Expressions of purpose (negative)

• So as not to
• In order not to
+ bare infinitive

Examples:

 They woke up early in order not to be late.

 She exercises regularly so as not to get fat.
 He helped the new policewoman so as not to fail in her first mission.
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Purpose with: so that - in order that

• You can also express purpose with so that or in order that. In

this case you generally need to use a modal verb.

• So that
+ Can, could, would etc.
• In order that
Examples:

 He turned down the music so that he wouldn't disturb the neighbors.

 He got a visa in order that he can travel to the USA.
 He decided to stay in England for a while so that he could practice his
English.
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Purpose with: for

• Purpose can be also expressed by using for.

• For + Noun or a verb + ing

Examples:

 I stopped there for a chat.

 This mop is for cleaning the floor.
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Mach the numbers with the letters to make meaningful sentences

1.She turned off the radio so as to …

2.They didn’t want to go to bed so as not to …
3.She stops eating chocolate in order not to …
4.I don’t want to leave the office early so that …
5.They kept me inside in order that …

a. I could speak to the manger.

b. get fatter than she is now.
c. hear what her mother was saying.
d. I wouldn’t go to see the police.
e. miss the midnight movie
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Join the sentences using the words given.

1.She paid me a visit. She wanted to chat with me. (for). 
2.They held an urgent meeting. They wanted to discuss all the pending
issues. (so that)
3.She is saving money. She wants to buy a new iPad. (in order to)
4.I went to bed early. I wanted to get enough sleep before the exam. ( to)
5.After the exams, I went to the countryside. I wanted to rest. (for). 
6.He opened the window. He wanted to get some fresh air. (for)
7.He phoned me at midnight. He wanted to make sure I had done my
homework. (in order to)
8.They left home early. They didn't want to miss the bus. (in order to) 
9.They didn't want to eat burgers. They didn't want to get sick. (in order to)
10.She decided to go to the North Pole. She didn't want to see him
again. (so as to)
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Complete with the correct expression of purpose.

1.Concentrate on your exercise …….make any mistakes.
2.You have to wake up …….  be on time.
3.You have to register ……. participate in the forum.
4.She left work early ……. be at home when he arrives.
5.Ships carry life boats …. the crew can escape when the ship sinks.
6.I will go to university ……. continue my studies.
7.He exercises regularly …….  be overweight.
8. ……. you can produce a good essay, you need to edit your writing
before you hand it in.
9.She works hard ……. she can earn a living.
10.These men risk their …….  we may live more safely.
REPORT WRITING
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What is a report?

Definition
A report is an informative piece of writing
concerning a particular event, person, or a
situation, presented in formal and organized
format.
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Structure of the Report

• Title

• Introduction

• Main Body

• Conclusion
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Structure of the Report

• Title:
• It should be short and precise. It should give the reader a
general idea about the content of a report.

Examples:

 A report on the immigration of skilled workers

 A report on drug addiction among students
 etc….
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Structure of the Report

• Introduction: sets the scene for your report by giving

the reader details such as (date, place, participants…)

Examples:

 The purpose of this report is to …

 As requested, this is a report concerning ….
 This report contains / outlines / examines …
 This report will consider the following …
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Structure of the Report

• Body: it is the essential part of your report. It should

include the main ideas. It is usually limited to one
paragraph.
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Structure of the Report

• Conclusion: summarizes the information given and

may include an opinion and/ or suggestion or a
recommendation.

Examples:

 To conclude / to sum up / in conclusion …

 On the basis of the points mentioned above, it would seem that…
 I recommend / I would suggest that …
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Let’s practice
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Pre-writing
• Before you start writing, first you have to answer the
following questions:

 What is the topic of the report?

 What is the reason of the report?

 Is the report informative or evaluative (including your opinion and

recommendations)?

 What is the identified problem / event?

 Where is the identified problem / event?

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Study the following chart about the

28th Marathon des Sables (the
Sand Marathon) held in April 2013
and use the information to write a
report for your school magazine.

Aim of the Marathon To collect money for the poor

Date and place From April 5 to 15; in the south of Morocco / near Ouarzazate
Distance Competitors carry basic supplies (food, clothes, medical kit,
sleeping bags etc.) water is distributed every 10 km …
Participants 1017, men and women, aged 18 up 80 years / from all over the
world
winners Women’s race: Laurence Klein (France) –
men’s race: Mohamad Ahansal (Morocco)
Prize ceremony Winners received awards
Conclusion Your opinion about the race
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Possible answer:
“Marathon des Sables” what a journey?
The aim of this report is to outline and examine the journey of one of the
greatest races in the our time; the Marathon des Sables or the MSD.
It takes place every year in April fifth till the fifteenth of the same month
near the city of Ouarzazate, Morocco. Its aim is to collect money for the poor
throughout the contestants contributions. To finish the race, each racer has to
run for about 240 kilometers and they have to carry their basic supplies such
as food, clothes, medical kit in case of emergency, their sleeping bags except
for water which is handed out every 10 kilometer. Approximately 1017 men
and women from all over the globe have participated in the 2013 version. The
only condition is to be aged between eighteen and eighty. This year’s winners
are Laurence Klein from France in the category of women and for the men’s
race, Mohamad Ahansal came first. Winner from both categories received
awards in a prize ceremony.
To conclude, I believe that such events are to be encouraged and given
the full support from all organizations because they are beneficial to the
participants and the people to whom the profits are assigned to.
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You attended an event organized by your

school environment club to celebrate Earth
Day. Use the information in the chart below and
write report about this event.

Organizers Club members and some teachers

Topic Environmental problems in our region
Date and place 22nd April, Municipality conference room
Participants About 120 people; teachers, students,
environmentalists, school environment clubs, factory
owners, NGOs…
activities Morning: 2 presentations, film and discussion
Afternoon: debate + poster exhibitions + competition +
prize distribution ceremony
Conclusion Opinions and reactions
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Possible answer:
In April 22nd and in the municipality conference, I attended such a
wonderful celebration about “the Earth Day” which was organized by our
school environment club members with the help of some teachers. The
interesting matter was about the environmental problems in our region.
At first, I truly wasn’t concerned with this event, but after I saw all the
activities and the efforts that they made I was embarrassed. In the morning,
they did two general presentations (giving the general idea about the earth
day). Then, they showed us a movie about the same issue. After that, some
girls started a discussion which I took the initiative and shared with them my
information and opinion. There was a lot of participants 120 persons: teachers,
students, environmentalists and some NGOs representatives. We weren’t only
talking about the problems, but we were trying to solve them as well. In the
afternoon, there was some other activities as debates and posts exhibition.
Moreover, we participated in a competition where I got a prize.
To sum up, I would say that I had leaned an awesome lesson from that
unforgettable day about how to believe that the environment is our home.
Furthermore, we should respect it and keep it for generations to come.

Written by a student, from the 2014 exam.

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