Climate Change – a Global Issue

“The greatest challenge facing the world at the beginning of the

century”
World Economic Forum
Davos, Switzerland 2000
CLIMATE CHANGE

What is happening due to Global Warming

• Melting of Glaciers & Snow

• Increased Precipitation & its uneven distribution
• Sea level Rise and increased risk of floods
• Cyclones
• Uncertainty in Water availability and Droughts
• Decrease in Crop Yields, Food insecurity and
high food inflation
• Loss of Bio Diversity
CLIMATE CHANGE

• Pakistan is the 7th most vulnerable

country to climate change impacts
• due to its geographic location,
• high dependence on agriculture and
water resources,
• low adaptive capacity of its people,
and
• weak system of emergency
preparedness
Decadal Patterns of Temperature Changes over the Globe
Decadal Patterns of Temperature Changes over Pakistan
FROM CLIMATE TO URBAN CLIMATE

`climate change is neither gender neutral nor it is urban or

rural, largely due to differences in the traditional gender
roles and societal expectations, where as for urban-rural,
the difference in livelihoods, population density and other
infrastructure related characteristics’.

It is very crucial to understand these geographic distinctions

in order to successfully integrate climate change into
policies and development strategies.”
Drivers of Urban Growth
URBANIZATION - THE GROWTH FACTOR

• Half of the world lives in urban areas

• 50 percent of the world population is living in cities
• Home to half of the world’s people in urban areas are
unsustainable
• Urbanization continue to grow due to
• By natural increase (births over deaths)
• By rural-urban migration for jobs
• Due to economic limitations, poverty is increasing
in urban areas
URBAN SYSTEM
URBAN SYSTEM
ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH URBANIZATION

• Growing population is a valuable resource,

however, are there enough resources for
the growing populations
• Increase resource consumption
• People: lack of basic necessities
• Decline in per capita water availability
• Inadequate sanitation facilities
• Inadequate medical facilities
• High level of waste generation and less
disposal capacities
URBAN CLIMATE
URBAN CLIMATE
Are there enough resources for this growing population ?
COMPLEXITIES OF URBANIZATION
URBAN GROWTH
URBAN RESOURCE CONTEXT – WATER
URBAN RESOURCE CONTEXT – WATER SCARCITY
RESOURCE CONTEXT – HDI Index
URBAN RESOURCE CONTEXT - POVERTY
URBAN RESOURCE CONTEXT - SANITATION
URBAN RESOURCE CONTEXT – SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
URBAN RESOURCE CONTEXT – SOCIAL SECTOR EPXPENDITURES
URBANIZATION RESOURCE CONTEXT – NEED OF SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT

 Compact Cities
• Transportation is mostly by walking, biking, or mass transit
(Such as Tokyo)

 Dispersed Cities
• Transportation is mostly by automobile
• Due to lack of urban mass transit or transport system,
people in major cities (Karachi, Hyderabad, Larkana,
Sukkur , Mirpurkhas and Nawabshah) are largely using
automobiles (cars and bikes)
• Resulted in high air pollution
• Economic and health impact
• Lead to urban sprawl and congestion
URBAN RESOURCE CONTEXT – MASS TRANSIT
URBAN RESOURCE CONTEXT – MASS TRANSIT

• Urban Transport is based upon large array of inputs;

• Wholly dependent on Fossil fuels for production and gasolines for
operations;
• It is widely accepted that the increased automobile dependencies is
the key to an unsustainable urban environment;
• Leading to high level of Green House Gas emissions;
• De-stabilizing ecosystems by;
 Carbon emissions (CO2)
 CFCs (air cooling systems)
 Noise
 Congestion
 Accidents
CONCLUSION / RECOMMENDATION
• Unsustainable Transport sector is one of the largest contributor to GHG
emissions;
• Pakistan Contribution to global GHG emissions is 0.8 percent and ranked
135th on per capita basis;
• Thus, as a responsible party to UNFCCC and signatory to KP, there is a
need to mitigate and work towards low carbon development pathway ;
• Beside other arrangements, from transport perspective, the Mass Transit
System/Bus Rapid Systems, Railways, Cleaner Engines and CNG Buses are
some of the solutions;
CONCLUSION / RECOMMENDATION
• A Sustainable economic plan is needed to avoid
environmental degradation;
• Urban budgeting needs to incorporate climate and
environment
• Climate budgeting to be incorporated at all levels of
budgeting
• Proper Land Use Planning
• Build and design people-oriented towns (sustainable
town planning)