The development of the Modern

Egyptian flag was determined first by

Muhammad Ali Dynasty, under
whom Egypt was united with Sudan
and later by the rise of Egyptian
nationalism and Revolutionary ideas
among the Egyptian Army.
The flag of Egypt is a tricolor
consisting of three equal horizontal
red, white and black bands of the
Egyptian Revolutionary Flag dating
back to the 1952 Egyptian
Revolution. The flag bears Egypt
national emblem the Egyptian eagle
of Saladin centered in the white band.
*RED BAND- symbolizes the
SYMBOLIS
M
Egyptian’s blood in the war against
colonization
*WHITE BAND- symbolizes the
purity of the Egyptian’s Heart
*BLACK BAND- symbolizes the
manner in which darkness is
overcome.
*EAGLE OF SALADIN- symbol for
nationalism and also symbolizes the
Strength, courage & determination of
Egyptian people
*GOLD COATING- represents power
 Egypt was one of the greatest and most powerful civilizations in the
history of the world. It lasted for over 3,000 years from 3,150 BC to
30 BC. The civilization of Egypt was located along the NILE
RIVER in Northeast Africa. The Nile was the source of much of
the Egypt’s wealth. Great Egyptian cities grew up along the Nile as
the Egyptian people became experts in irrigation and were able to
use the water from the Nile to grow rich and profitable crops. The
Nile provided food, soil, water and transportations for the
Egyptian. Great floods would come each year and would provide
fertile soil for growing food.

AN
 Historians usually group the history of Egypt into three major
kingdoms called the OLD KINGDOM, THE MIDDLE
KINGDOM and THE NEW KINGDOM. It was during these
times that Egypt was at its strongest. The times between the
kingdoms are called INTERMEDIATE PERIODS. The Egyptian
empire began to weaken in about 700BC. It was conquered by a
number of civilizations . The first to conquer the place was the
ASSYRIAN EMPIRE, then the PERSIAN EMPIRE, followed a
hundred or so years later by ALEXANDER THE GREAT OF
GREECE in 332 BC and set up the PTOLEMAIC DYNASTY.
Finally the ROMANS came in 30BC and Egypt became a
province of Rome.

AN
• Egypt was rich in culture including government, religion, arts and writing.
The government and the religion were tied together as the leader of
government, the PHARAOH, was also the leader of the religion. Writing
was also important in keeping the Government running. Only SCRIBES
can read and write and they were considered powerful people.
• The Pharaoh of Egypt were often buried in giant pyramids or in secret
tombs. They believed that they needed treasure to be buried with them to
help them in Afterlife. As a result, archeologist have a lot of well preserved
artifact and tombs to examine.
• The Egyptians were scientists and mathematicians. They had numerous
inventions including ways to build buildings, medicine, cosmetics, the
calendar, the plow for farming, musical instruments and even toothpaste.
• Egyptian men and women wore makeup. It was thought to have
healing powers, plus it helped their skin from the sun
• The Egyptian plays a major role in the bible
• They were the first civilizations to invent writing. They used ink
to write and paper called papyrus
• They considered Cats as sacred
• In Egypt, family integrity matters a lot and the head of the
family takes the entire responsibility to run the family in proper
manner , with great focus on behavior.
• Commonly, Egyptians are quite adjustable in nature and they
love to help people. this liberal attitude is on display in
Egyptians friendly behavior towards foreigners and tourists.
STEP IN WITH YOUR RIGHT LEG
BEWARE OF THE BLACK CROW
HAVING GIRLS
SPILLING COFFEE
BEWARE OF THE TURNED SLIPPER
FALLING HAIR
HOLD THE WOOD
DA2 EL HON, DRUMMING EL HON
30ZOMET MARAKBIYA
NOT FINISHING YOUR GLASS OF JUICE
MULUKHIYA GASP
FAMOUS
LITERARY
PIECES AND
AUTHORS
He was a prolific Egyptian writer who
was awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize for
Literature. With a career spanning for NAGUIB MAHFOUZ (1911-
70 years, he published 34 novels, 350 2006)
short stories, 5 plays and numerous
film scripts. His work had a
phenomenological impact on Egyptian
literary culture and as result, many
have been made into Egyptian and
foreign films.
 “THE CAIRO
TRILOGY”
-Depicts
PALACE WALK,the livesOFofDESIRE,
PALACE threeSUGAR
STREET
generations of different families in
Cairo from World War 1 until after the
1952 military coup that overthrew king
Farouk.
 Egyptian writer born in
Alexandria, Egypt. One of the
pioneering figures of Modern
Arabic Literature and has often
been described as the founder of
an entire literary tradition,
particularly within the world of
Arab theatre.
TAWFIQ AL-HAKIM (1898-1987)
 -Both revolution and romance are the
heart of Return of the Spirit,
published in Arabic in 1993. It was a
story of patriotic young Egyptian and
his extended family ending with
events surrounding the 1919
revolution. A literal awakening of the
Egyptian spirit- RETURN OF THE
SPIRIT is the strong expression of
nationalist solidarity.

THE RETURN OF THE SPIRIT

YUSUF IDRIS
An Egyptian writer for plays, short stories
(1927-1991) and novels. Like many Egyptian writers
Idris started his career in a totally different
profession. He is originally trained as a
doctor. His first work to become famous was
a play called AL-FARAFEER which was
based upon the paradoxical roles of two
main characters: the Master and the
Farfour (poor layman)
 A piece from Yusuf Idris first
collection of short stories, published in
1954. It demonstrates many
characteristics of his short fiction: a
small town or village setting , characters
drawn from Egypt’s hardworking lower
classes, uncomfortable descriptions of
poverty and ignorance, and a style that
mixes both literary and colloquial forms
of language.

THE CHEAPEST
NIGHTS
 An Egyptian writer and novelist. He
was originally trained as a Lawyer.
He spent the majority of his life
working as a civil servant. This
worked as a supplement to a
somewhat medicore literary income.
Haqqi eventually succeeded in
becoming adviser to the National
Library of Egypt. Coming late to a
literary career. He published number
of collection of short stories and a well
known novel and numerous articles.
YAHIA HAQQI (195-1992)
His novel THE LAMP OF
UMM HASSHIM published in
1943, had its positive impact o
the course of the Arabic novel
for it was precious work in
both language and technique.
In the reviews the customs
prevailing in the Egyptian
countryside and the means of
rectifying them through
education so as to attain
progress.
TAHA HUSSEIN He was blind from early childhood, rose from
(1889-1973) humble beginnings to pursue distinguished
career in Egyptian public life. He was at one time
Minister of Education. But he was most
influential through his voluminous, varied,
controversial writings. He became known by the
unofficial title “ DEAN OF ARABIC LETTERS”
and the distinguished Egyptian critic Louis
Awad described him as the “greatest single
intellectual and cultural influence on the
literature of his period”.
This novel- unfolding between Cairo
and Paris and through vivid personal
correspondence- draws a picture of a
powerful friendship and a young’s man
dilemma: the man of letters of the title
fins himself split between and in love
with two cultures essentially
incompatible, East & West. In his
desperate struggle to reconcile them his
soul is estrange and he is thrown or
escapes deeper into the backstreet abyss
of First World War Paris. In the end it
is perhaps the very impracticality of his
own morality that destroys him.
 A unique work of fiction in Modern
Arabic Literature. It is romantic story
about the triumph of love over
revenge. It describes the social taboos
of the time and how one girl eventually
overcomes them. Highly poetic style
with deep insights into the human
heart.

THE CALL OF CURLEW

END OF SLIDE