SET THEORY: Relations and

LOGIC & SET THEORY Functions

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“Relations and functions are one of the important topics of set
theory. Relations and functions --- these are the two different
words having different meanings mathematically.
Sets, relations and functions, all three, are interlinked topics.
Sets denote the collection of ordered elements
whereas relations and functions define the operations
performed on sets. An ordered pair is a set of inputs and
outputs and represents a relationship between the two values.
A relation is a set of inputs and outputs, and a function is a

At the end of the discussion, the student should be able to:

1. Define, compare and recognize relations and functions
2. Represents relations and functions with set of ordered pairs,
tables and graphs.
3. Determine the domain and range of a relation and a function
4. Identify the types of relations and functions
5. Evaluate functions and perform operations of functions
6. Simplify composite of a function
7. Give the characteristics of different types of functions and give
their graphs

 Difference between a Relation &

a Function
 Representations of Relations and
Functions
LEARNING CONTENTS
 Types of Relations & Functions
 Domain & Range
 Evaluation of Functions
LESSON 4: Relations and  Four Operations on Functions
Functions  Composite of a Function
 Characteristics and graphs of
functions

TEACHING-LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Imagine tossing a ball straight up into the air, watching it rise, stop, and fall
back down into your hand, as time passed, the height of the ball changed,
creating a relationship between the amount of time the ball was in the air
and its height.
SET THEORY: Relations and
LOGIC & SET THEORY
In mathematics, a relationship between variables that change together
Functions
(such as time and height) is called relation. s
 -

Ask students to give their own real-

life examples of relationships that
express relations.

Sets and relation are interconnected with each other. The relation defines the relation
between two given sets. If there are two sets available, then to check if there is any
connection between the two sets, we use relations.
Definition:
A relation is the relationship between two different sets of information. It is
any set of ordered pairs.
NOTE:
 An ordered pair is just a pair of things grouped together where (unlike
the situation with sets) the ordering of the two items does match and
such pairs will be written with parentheses
 If two sets are considered, the relation between them will be established
if there is a connection between the elements of two or more non-empty

A relation may be expressed in different ways:

1. Ordered Pairs: {(0, 3), (1, 5), (2, 7)}

2. Table of Values:

3. Equation: y = 2x + 3
4. Diagrams:

5. Graphs:
 SET THEORY: Relations and
LOGIC & SET THEORY Functions
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In mathematics, relation is defined as the
TYPES of collection of ordered pairs, which contains and object
Relations from one set to the other set. For instance, X and Y
are the two sets, and ‘a” is the object from set X and
‘b’ is the object from set Y, then we can say that the
objects are related to each other if the order (a, b) is
to be in a relation.
A relation from a set A to set B is a rule
authorstream.com
that assigns us the relation between elements of
A to elements of B. A relation can be between one

1. EMPTY RELATION: An empty relation (or void relation) is one in which

there is no relation between any elements of a set.
For example, if set A = {1, 2, 3} then, one of the void relations can be R = {x, y}
where, |x – y| = 8. For empty relation,
R=φ⊂A×A
2. UNIVERSAL RELATION: A universal (or full relation) is a type of relation in
which every element of a set is related to each other.
Consider set A = {a, b, c}. Now one of the universal relations will be R = {x, y}
where, |x – y| ≥ 0. For universal relation,
R=A×A
3. IDENTITY RELATION: In an identity relation, every element of a set is
related to itself only.
For example, in a set A = {a, b, c}, the identity relation will be I = {a, a}, {b, b},
{c, c}. For identity relation,
I = {(a, a), a ∈ A}
4. INVERSE RELATION: Inverse relation is seen when a set has elements
which are inverse pairs of another set.
For example, if set A = {(a, b), (c, d)}, then inverse relation will be R  = {(b, a),
-1

(d, c)}. So, for an inverse relation,

R –1 = {(b, a): (a, b) ∈ R}
5. REFLEXIVE RELATION: In a reflexive relation, every element maps to
itself.

For example, consider a set A = {1, 2,}. Now an example of reflexive relation
will be R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (1, 2), (2, 1)}. The reflexive relation is given by:
(a, a) ∈ R
6. SYMMETRIC RELATION: In a symmetric relation, if a = b is true then b = a
is also true. In other words, a relation R is symmetric only if (b, a) ∈ R
is true when (a, b) ∈ R.

An example of symmetric relation will be R = {(1, 2), (2, 1)} for a set A = {1, 2}.
So, for a symmetric relation,
aRb ⇒ bRa, ∀ a, b ∈ A
 SET THEORY: Relations and
LOGIC & SET Functions
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CONTINUATION: TYPES of RELATION

7. TRANSITIVE RELATION: For transitive relation, if (x, y) ∈ R, (y, z) ∈ R,
then (x, z) ∈ R. For a transitive relation,
aRb and bRc ⇒ aRc ∀ a, b, c ∈ A
8. EQUIVALENCE RELATION: If a relation is reflexive, symmetric and
transitive at the same time it is known as an equivalence relation.

DOMAIN is the set of all first components of the

ordered pairs and it is the set of values which the
function is defined. It is the independent
variable.

RANGE it is the set of all second components

(second set).
11

If set A = {(a, 1), (b, 2), (c, 3)}, then:

Domain: = {a, b, c} Range: {1, 2, 3}
FIND ME: Determine the domain and the range in each of the
following:
1. Given that set B = {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8), (9, 10)}, then,
DOMAIN: {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} RANGE: {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
2. Let X = {(A, Monday), (B, Tuesday), (C, Wednesday)}, then
DOMAIN: {A, B, C} RANGE: {Monday, Tuesday, Thursday}
Number of Course
3. If A = Students
50 BSE
45 BTVTED
49 BTLED
55 BPED
50 BS-
PSYCH

DOMAIN: {45, 47, 49, 50, 55}

RANGE: {BTVTED, BSIT, BTLED, BSE, BS-PSYCH, BPED}
4. Let L =
 DOMAIN: {Jay, Ann, Kim}

RANGE: {18, 19}

SET THEORY: Relations and

LOGIC & SET THEORY Functions
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Some
relationships make
sense and others don’t.
Functions are
relationships that make
sense. All functions are
relations, but not all
When one variable determines the exact
FYI: More than one value value of the second variable, their relation is
for each domain, then the called a function. A function is a relation that for
relation is NOT a function each input, there is only one output.

DEFINTION: A Function is a relation in which each member of the domain

corresponds to exactly one member of the range. It is a relation in
which one variable specifies a single value of another variable.

FYI: The parts of a function are called inputs and outputs. An input is the
independent,
non–repeating quantity. The output is the dependent quantity. The value of the
output
depends on the value of the input. For each input, there is a single output. In the
case of
tossing a ball in the air, time is the input and height is the output.

TRY ME: Which of following situations best describe a function?

1. the relation between the number of cars and the number of tires in a parking
lot a function
2. the relation between the houses and the people who live in them
3. your age and your weight on your birthday each year
4. the name of the course and the number of students enrolled in that course
5. the diameter of a cookie and the number of chocolate chips in it

ANSWERS: 1. Function 3. Function 5. Not

2. Not 4. Not
NOTE:
 In a function, there is one–to–one correspondence. (There is a one–to–one
correspondence between two sets if every element of one set can be
 SET THEORY: Relations and
LOGIC & SET THEORY Functions
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Here are mappings of functions. The domain is the input or the x-value, and the
range is the output, or the y-value.

This mapping is not a

This relation is a Although the inputs equal to –1 function. The input for
function. Each x–value and 1 have the same output, this –2 has more than one
is related to only one relation is still a function output.
y– value. because each input has just one

NOTE: Functions can be recognized, described and examined in a variety of

ways, including sets of ordered pairs, tables and graphs.

TRY ME. . . Determine whether the given relation represents a function or not.
1.
Domain China Philippines USA
Range

2. {(A, 27), (B, 30), (C, 25), (D, 28), (E, 25)}

3. {(3, 1), (5, 2), (3, 3), (3, 5)}

4. ANSWERS:
1. Function
2. Function
3. Not
4. Not
5. Function

5.
 SET THEORY: Sets and
LOGIC & SET Subsets

In evaluating functions, just substitute the

Evaluation of given value of the variable from the
Functions original expression and perform the
indicate operations.

Evaluate the following functions: and simplify your answer.

1. Let f(x) = ¼x3 – 5x2 + ½x + 30, find f(–3).
Solution: Substituting x by –3
f(–3) = ¼ (–3)3 – 5 (–3)2 + ½ (–3) + 30
f(–3) = ¼ (–27) – 5 (9) – 3/2 + 30
f(–3) = –6.75 – 45 – 3/2 + 30
f(–3) = –23.25 or –93/4
2. If f(x) = 6x4 + 3x – 5, find f(2/5) .
Solution: Substituting x by 2/5
f(2/5) = 6 (2/5)4 + 3 (2/5) – 5
f(2/5) = 6 (16/625) + 6/5 – 5
f(2/5) = 96/625 + 6/5 – 5
f(2/5) = –2279/ or –3.6464

3. Let f(x) = 4x2 + 2x – 3, find: a. f(4) b. f(a2) c. f(x + h)

Solutions: Substituting x by 4
f(4) = 4 (4)2 + 2 (4) – 3
f(4) = 64 + 8 – 3
f(4) = 69
Solutions: Substituting x by a2
f(a2) = 4 (a2)2 + 2 (a2) – 3
f(a2) = 4a4 + 2a2 – 3
Solutions: Substituting x by x + h
f(x + h) = 4 (x + h)2 + 2(x + h) – 3
f(x + h) = 4 (x2 + xh + h2) + 2x + 2h – 3
f(x + h) = 4x2 + 4xh + 4h2 + 2x + 2h – 3
TRY THIS:
a. Simplify f(9) = 5x3 – 3x2 – 15x + 125 when

b. What is f(2x2 – 3) = 3x2 + 7x + 200