 Broad Acre

Large land holdings typically 2000 to 10,000 hectares. USA, Brazil, Argentina, South
Africa, Australia is largely broad acre. Aerial spraying of pesticides is widely prevalent.
Agriculture is intensive and yields high

 Small Acre
Small land holdings typically 1 to 10 hectares. Agriculture in India, China, Pakistan,
large parts of Africa and Asia is small acre. Use and application of pesticides are manual
with backpack sprayers and minimal mechanisation. Agriculture is sustainable with
varying yields.
 Insecticides
 Weedicides (Herbicides)

 Fungicides

 Plant Growth Regulators

 Crop Protection Chemicals are the last input in the
agriculture chain
 Farmers spend on Tillage, Irrigation, Fertilizers, Farm
labour etc. at last Agro chemicals
 If not used, entire loss
 Crop Protection Chemicals protect all investments
farmers make in their crops
 Widely used by the farmer to protect crops from
insect attacks and infestations
 contact or systemic

 broad spectrum or selective

 soft on beneficial, pollinators and predators

 SHARE OF LOSSES CAUSED BY DIFFERENT PESTS
Rodents &
Weeds Others
15%
33%
Diseases

26%

Insects 26%

On an average 18% of the crop yield is lost due to pests

(Annual monetary loss: Rs.60,000 Crores
Source:Working Subgroup on Plant Protection, Planning Commission, 2001)
NCIPM
 Components of I.P.M.

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Integration of all the methods of Pest Management is
essential as any single method will not be effective
 Insects
◦ Harmful : Vegetarian “Pests”
◦ Beneficials : Non Vegetarian
Endosulfan-- Controls pests and spares beneficials
 Harmful insects are of two types

◦ Sucking
◦ Chewing
Endosulfan controls both types
Beneficial Insects
 NaturalEnemies, Beneficials,, Parasites, Predators
(Defenders)
 Pests and Defenders appear at the same time
 “Manage Pests” rather than “control”
 Use Selective Insecticides-e.g. Endosulfan
 Manage pests and save Parasites Predators
 We have small farms
 Mixed Cropping
 Different stages of Crop
 Hot and humid climate
 Mixed pest population-sucking chewing
 Our farmers need products that are versatile
 Endosulfan is recommended by Agricultural Universities
as its best suited in these situations
 Pest and Pollinator appear at the same time
 Challenge is to manage the pest and allow bee

visits
 Use bee friendly insecticides
 Endosulfan is soft on Honey bees
 Multi Pest
 Multi Crop
 Safe to Beneficials
 Safe to Pollinators
 Avoids Resistance
 Breaks Resistance
 Economical
 Has been in use as a broad spectrum insecticide since the 70’s largely
in cotton and other field crops
 Was imported into India until 1980
 India begins manufacturing Endosulfan from the early 80’s. There are
three Indian manufacturer’s of Endosulfan active including Hindustan
Insecticides Ltd, a Govt. of India enterprise
 Endosulfan is today the most widely used generic insecticide in India
with usage in cotton, pulses, Tea, Mango, Vegetables and oilseeds
 The only insecticide which is soft on Pollinators such as honeybees
and beneficial such as ladybird beetle, chrysoperla etc
 Widely recommended for use during pollination
 Widely recommended for use in Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
and Insect Resistance Management (IRM) programs
 Farmers in Andhra Pradesh are the largest users of Endosulfan in the
country and will stand to lose the most if there is a move to ban the
use of Endosulfan in the country
Performance of various insecticides against insect pests and safety to natural enemies of cotto
Insecticide Insect Pests Natural Remarks
s J W PBW/ ABW TC enemie
SBW Young Grow s
n up

A. Organochlorinate
Endosulfan Good Good Good Good Poor Very Safe Safer to the
good natural enemies,
low resistance to
ABW early in the
season
B. Synthetic pyrethroids
Poor Poor Very Poor Poor Poor Toxic Excessive use can
good cause resurgence
of whitefly and
ABW, high level of
resistance to ABW

J= Jassid; W= Whitefly; SBW= Spotted bollworm; PBW= Pink bollworm; ABW= American bollworm;
TC= Tobacco caterpillar