Presented by:

LITERATURE
PRESENTATI
ON: Adil Hussain Roll No:033

PRESENTED Azka Ali Roll No:037

TO:
SIR ADEEL
Hira Takreem: Roll No:007
AHMAD
Dania Zaman Roll
No:0035(Grp Leader)
 • Contents:
• Subtopics:
TOPIC: • Introduction
POSTCOLO • Theories

NIAL • Neocolonialism
• Colonial Hybridity
THEORY
• Conclusion
 Definition:
POSTCOLONI “It focuses on the reading and
AL THEORY: writing of literature written in
earlier or presently settled
countries.”
 OTHER DEFINITIONS:
• It also focusing on the historical facts of European
colonialism and the resulting values based on “Philosophy,
History, Literature, Anthropology and Psychology.”
• A colonial theory is a term that states the abstract and
serious observations of past colonies of the Western powers
and how they relate to and interact with the world.
 POST COLONIALISM:
• “Post colonialism is the period of time after the
colonialism in which the British Empire ruled in
many countries.”
• “Postcolonialism is also a set of theories regarding
art culture dealing to colonialism problem.”
 CLASS ACTIVITY
• Is there any difference between postcolonial and
Post Colonial?
 WHAT PUTS THE POST IN POST-
COLONIALISM?
• Considering “Post” is a prefix meaning after, we
need to first discuss the history behind colonialism.
 WHAT IS COLONIALISM?

• “An extension of a nations rule over territory

beyond its borders.”
• “It also refers to the establishment and
maintenance of colonies in one territory by people
from another country.”
• Colonialism is the process where the sovereignty
over the colony is claimed by the colonizer.
 EFFECTS OF COLONIALISM:

Colonialism Degradation Capitalists Urbanization Introduction

has many of natural of Foreign
diseases to
effects like; resources human
 THE 3 PILLARS OF
POSTCOLONIAL THEORY:
1: Edward Said

2: Gayatri Chakravarty Spivak

3: Homi k. Bhabha
 EDWARD W. SAID:

• Possibly the most important figure for the rise of

postcolonial studies and theory.
• He was born in Jerusalem in 1935 and dies in 2003.
• He was raised as an Anglican, attended a British
school in Cairo then at Princeton and Harvard, he
became an abstract literally critic.
• From 1963 until his death he was professor of
English and Rational literature at Columbia
University in New York.
 EDWARD SAID:

• He soon became the best-known American

advocate for the Palestinian cause.
• His book Orientalism checked an entire historical
tradition of European-American thought,
examining the relation of political power.
• Other significant and famous books includes; “The
question of Palestine(1979), Covering
Islam(1981), The world(1983) etc.
 ORIENTALISM:

• It explains the Asian and Islamic cultures during

European colonization and Europe’s goals of
maintaining power and power of Non-European.
• He said that Europe used the Face and colonization
as a symbol of its strength and power.
• “Said suggested that Orientalists are related as
others- in this case, Muslims and Asians-and as
piece defined not in terms of their own dialogue,
but just in terms of values and meanings forced on
them from outside.
 GAYATRI CHAKRAVARTY SPIVAK

• Gayatri Chakravarty Spivak is an Indian scholar,

literary theorist, and feminist critic.
• Gayatri Chakravarty Spivak was born in 1942.
• Her main work on the postcolonial theory was her
Review of Postcolonial Reason: Toward a History of the
fading present in 1999.
• Her work combines socialism, feminism(Women’s
right) and deconstruction.
• She introduced many to this type of postcolonial theory
when she published three pieces in the 1980s.
 GAYATRI CHAKRAVARTY SPIVAK

• Three pieces are:

• “Three Women’s Text and Critique of
Imperialism”, “Can the Subaltern speak?”, and “
Draupadi by Mahasweta Devi”.
• She also translated the novels of Mahasweta Devi,
a fiction-written in Bengali which have been
powerful in forming the limits of the literature of
postcolonialism.
• In Mahasweta Devi imaginary novels, she present
the natural in her difference and wonder.
 CLASS
ACTIVITY?

• What is the name of

the book which was
written by Edward
Said?
 HOMI K. BHABHA

• Homi K. Bhabha is an Indian English scholar and

critical theorist.
• He is the Anne F. Rothenberg Professor of the
Humankinds at Harvard University.
• He wrote the Nation and Narration in 1990.
• This considered how to abstracted the nation under
colonialism and, by default, in post coloniality.
 HOMI K. BHABHA

• Here he takes issues with the anthropologist

Benedict Anderson’s view of the connection
between Imperialism and its fight in Unreal
Groups.
 NEOCOLONIALISM:

• Definition:
Neocolonialism is the practice of using free
creativity, globalization, cultural establishment, and
uncertain help to effect a developing country instead
of the previous colonial methods of direct army
control or indirect civil control.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
COLONIALISM AND
NEOCOLONIALISM

• “Colonialism” refers to the direct political control

of a society and its people by external ruling state.
Basically it is a political phenomenon.
• “Neocolonialism” is the continued exercise of
political or economic effect over a society in
the absence of proper political control.
• Neocolonialism has been mostly silent as a extra
growth of capitalism that aids capitalist powers to rule
topic states through the acts of global capitalism rather
than by means of direct rule.
 COLONIAL HYBRIDITY:

• “Hybridity refers to any mixing of east and

western culture”.
• In colonial and postcolonial literature, it most
commonly states to colonial topics from Asia or
Africa who have found a balance between eastern
and western cultural traits.
 EXAMPLE:

• For example, a hybrid plant or animal signifies the

issue of two plants or animals of different species.
• Later, the concept of hybridity was employed in
linguistics and critical race theory and has been
used to show the cultural dynamics of colonialism
and entry.
 • In the summarization of the Postcolonial
theory it refers that Postcolonial focuses
on the reading and writing of literature
written in previously or currently
colonized countries.
• It also states the abstract and serious
SUMMARY observations of past colonies of the
Western powers and how they relate to and
interact with the world.
• Postcolonialism is also a set of theories
regarding art culture dealing to
colonialism problem.”
 CLASS ACTIVITY:

• Define Neocolonialism?