1

Presentation:

Bones and cartilages

 Table Of Contents 2

 Defination of Bone

 Grope of Bone skeleton

 Types Of Bones

 Bone Making

 Bone marrow

 Function Of Bone

 Cartilage Define

 Types Of Cartilages
 Defination of Bone 3

 Bone (osseous tissue) is an organ containing

different types of living tissues.

 Bones are organs that consist primarily of bone

tissue, also called osseous tissue. Bone
tissue is a type of connective tissue consisting
mainly of a collagen matrix that is mineralized
with calcium and phosphorus crystals. The
combination of flexible collagen and hard
mineral crystals makes bone tissue hard
without making it brittle.
 Groups of Bone skeleton 4
There are two main types of bone skeleton

1:- Appendicular skeleton

 The appendicular skeleton is the portion of

the skeleton of vertebrates consisting of the bones that
support the appendages.

 The appendicular skeleton includes
the skeletal elements within the limbs, as well as
supporting shoulder girdle pectoral and pelvic girdle.
 5
1:- Axial skeleton

 The axial skeleton is the part of the skeleton that

consists of the bones of the head and trunk of a
vertebrate.

 In the human skeleton, it consists of 80 bones and is

composed of six parts; the skull (22 bones), the
ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoid bone, the rib cage,
sternum and the vertebral column.
 Types Of Bones
6

There are five types of bones in the human body based on

their shape or location

•Long bone

•Short bone

•Flat bone

•Irregular bone

•sesamoid
 7
1:-LONG BONES

• Long bones are characterized by a shaft that is much longer

than it is wide and by a rounded head at each end of the shaft.
• Long bones are made mostly of compact bone, with lesser
amounts of spongy bone and marrow.
• Most bones of the limbs, including those of the fingers and
toes, are long bones.
 8
2:-SHORT BONES

• Short bones are roughly cube-shaped and have only a thin

layer of cortical bone surrounding a spongy bone interior.
• The bones of the wrists and ankles are short bones.
 9
3:-FLAT BONES

• Flat bones are thin and generally curved, with two

parallel layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of
spongy bone.
• Most of the bones of the skull are flat bones, as is the
sternum (breast bone).
 10
4:-IRREGULAR BONES

• Irregular bones are those that do not fit into any of the above
categories.
• They generally consist of thin layers of cortical bone
surrounding a spongy bone interior.
• Their shapes are irregular and complicated.
• Examples of irregular bones include the vertebrae and the
bones of the pelvis.
 11
5:-SESAMOID BONES

• Sesamoid bones are embedded in tendons, the

connective tissues that bind muscles to bones.
• Sesamoid bones hold tendons farther away from joints
so the angle of the tendons is increased, thus increasing
the leverage of muscles.
• The patella (knee cap) is an example of a sesamoid
bone.
 Bone Marking
12

The functionality of bone markings ranges from

enabling joints to slide past each other or lock bones in
place, providing structural support to muscle and
connective tissue, and providing circumferential
stabilization and protection to nerves, vessels, and
connective tissue.
  There are three general classes of bone markings

• Articulations(joints)
• Projections
• Holes 
Table For Bone Markings
Marking Description Example 13
Articulations Where two bones meet Knee joint

Head Prominent rounded surface Head of femur

Facet Flat surface Vertebrae

Condyle Rounded surface Occipital condyles

Spinous process of the
Projections Raised markings
vertebrae
Protuberance Protruding Chin
Transverse process of
Process Prominence feature
vertebra
Spine Sharp process Ischial spine

Tubercle Small, rounded process Tubercle of humerus

Tuberosity Rough surface Deltoid tuberosity

 Bone Surface Marking 14

• The Surfaces of Typically show Various Surface markings

irregular feature. The surface is raised or roughened where
bands of fascia, ligaments , tendons,or aponeuroses are
attached to bone.
• These roughness area not present at birth. They appear at
puberty and become progressively more obvious during adult
life.
 Bone Development
15

Bone develops by Two main processes

1:-membranous ossification
• During intramembranous
ossification, compact and spongy
bone develops directly from sheets of
mesenchymal (undifferentiated)
connective tissue.
• The flat bones of the face, most of the
cranial bones, and the clavicles
(collarbones) are formed via
intramembranous ossification.
 16

2:- endochondral ossification

• In endochondral ossification, bone

develops by replacing hyaline cartilage.
Cartilage does not become bone.
Instead, cartilage serves as a template
to be completely replaced by new bone.

• Endochondral ossification takes much

longer than intramembranous
ossification. Bones at the base of the
skull and long bones form via
endochondral ossification.
 Bone marrow
17
• Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside
some of your bones, such as your hip and
thigh bones. It contains stem cells.

• The stem cells can develop into the red blood

cells that carry oxygen through your body, the
white blood cells that fight infections, and the
platelets that help with blood clotting

• Bone marrow contains two types of stem cells:

hemopoietic (which can produce blood cells)
and stromal (which can produce fat, cartilage
and bone).

• There are two types of bone marrow: red

marrow (also known as myeloid tissue) and
yellow marrow.
 Function Of Bones
18

Bones have many functions, including the following:

• Support: Bones provide a framework for the attachment of muscles and other
tissues.

• Protection: Bones such as the skull and rib cage protect internal organs from injury.

• Movement: Bones enable body movements by acting as levers and points of

attachment for muscles.

• Mineral storage: Bones serve as a reservoir for calcium and phosphorus, essential

minerals for various cellular activities throughout the body.

• Blood cell production: The production of blood cells, or hematopoiesis, occurs in the

red marrow found within the cavities of certain bones.

• Energy storage: Lipids, such as fats, stored in adipose cells of the yellow marrow
serve as an energy reservoir.
 Cartilage Define
19

• Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue that differs

from bone in several ways. For one, the primary cell
types are chondrocytes as opposed to osteocytes.
Chondrocytes are first chondroblast cells that produce
the collagen extracellular matrix (ECM) and then get
caught in the matrix. They lie in spaces called lacunae
with up to eight chondrocytes located in each.

• Cartilage is a supple tissue which allows for facial

movement as well as providing a lightweight
supportive structure in the external ear, and the tip and
septum of the nose.

• In other regions it acts as a shock absorber,

cushioning areas where bone meets bone and
preventing abrasion and damage.
 Types Of Cartilage
20

There are three types of cartilage:

1:-Hyaline Cartilage

• Hyaline cartilage is the most widespread

cartilage type and, in adults, it forms the
articular surfaces of long bones, the rib
tips, the rings of the trachea, and parts
of the skull.
• This type of cartilage is predominately
collagen (yet with few collagen fibers),
and its name refers to its glassy
appearance.
 21
2:-Elastic Cartilage

• Elastic cartilage , sometimes referred to

as yellow fibrocartilage, is a type
of cartilage that provides both strength
and elasticity to certain parts of the
body, such as the ears. Within the outer
ear, it provides the skeletal basis of the
pinna, as well as the lateral region of the
external auditory meatus .
• This type of cartilage is predominately
collagen (yet with few collagen fibers),
and its name refers to its glassy
appearance.
 22
3:-Fibrous cartilage

• Fibrous cartilage has lots of collagen

fibers (Type I and Type II), and it tends
to grade into dense tendon and ligament
tissue. White fibrocartilage consists of a
mixture of white fibrous tissue and
cartilaginous tissue in various
proportions.

• It owes its flexibility and toughness to

the fibrous tissue, and its elasticity to the
cartilaginous tissue. It is the only type of
cartilage that contains type I collagen in
addition to the normal type II.
 23

THANKS