Analysis of Biological Design II: Stress Strain Analyses

Beyond Scaling Analyses

The maximum size & shape an animal can be depends upon

• nature of the skeleton charged to support it &

strength of the supporting matrix

• macro-architecture & the location of its center of mass

Overall body design & gravity

Stress-Strain Analysis Basics

Force = air, water or gravity, mass, forces of motion,

Stress = force per unit of cross sectional area

Strain = deformation caused by stress

 Loading of force determines stress / combination of stresses

Strain
Deformation

Types of stresses
(force per unit of cross-
sectional area)

No one biological material can meet the demands of all forces and strains equally
 How a Material Responds to the Level of Stress Placed Upon It

Biological Strength, Fatigue Failure, Load Fracture

What would be the modulus of elasticity for cartilage compared to bone?

 A body has a variety of structural materials

Skeletal tissues differ in their physical

properties.

Composition of ECM / Cell type

Organization of ECM Components/ MicroArchitecture

Vascularization
No one
biological
material
can meet
the
demands of
all forces
and strains
equally

Thus, nature has generated a body made up of a variety of structural materials

When biological strength or design no longer matches the forces and stresses
placed upon the structure what will happen?

If it is to persist, it must change.

• relative dimensions (macro or micro architecture)

• nature of biological materials

• function

How is this change achieved?

Immediate Response of Tissue to Changing Degree of
Sustained Force, Stress, Strain

Atrophy

Hypertrophy

Hyperplasia

Metaplasia

Evolutionary Response?
How Bone Responds: Wolff’s Law
Atrophy versus Hypertrophy
Bone is a dynamic tissue

sustained

- +
- +
- +

check out this site to explain how piezoelectric charges develop: www.explainthatstuff.com/piezoelectricity.html
Bone as a Skeletal Tissue
Responsiveness to changes in stress(es)
 Fracture Repair: bone is a dynamic tissue

Fracture followed
by hematoma Fibrocartilage callus
Woven bone / bony callus
(calcification, osteoid deposition)
Remodeling by
osteoclasts
Bone Homeostasis / wear and tear repair : bone is a very dynamic tissue!
Connective Tissues of the Skeleton
(a) generalized: loose & dense ct (ligaments, tendons)
fibroblast = cell
(b) specialized: 3 types of cartilage, bone

differ in physical properties (stress/strain)

(a) Composition of ECM / Cell type
(b) MicroArchitecture of ECM
(c) Vascularization

ECM is not static

Trabecular/ spongy bone

 Cartilage
 Embryo, young, adult cyclostomes, chondrichthyans, chondrosteans

 Types & Distribution

 Modes of Formation
interstitial -v- appositional
Bone: formative skeletal tissue for most vertebrates
 Types
 Position /Shape – cortical vs medullary; Long, Flat, Sesamoid
 Architecture - laminar / osteonal vs trabecular / spongy / cancellous

Epiphysis, Metaphysis, Diaphysis

Osteon = Haversian System

 Bone
 Types
 Position / Shape– cortical vs medullary; Long, Flat, Sesamoid
 Architecture - laminar / osteonal vs trabecular / spongy / cancellous
 Development (osteogenesis) –
endochondral vs intramembranous
Endochondral bone = cartilage bone, replacement bone
Coordinated Chondrogenesis and Osteogenesis

Periosteal
Bone Collar

10 Ossification Center Multinucleate

Osteoclasts Osteoclasts-> marrow cavity
Osteoblasts
Intramembranous => membrane /dermal bone

Sesamoid, perichondral, periosteal bone

Bone as a Skeletal Tissue
Form reflects function in its
 Macroarchitecture
 Microarchitecture

Microarchitecture
The value of
- layers
- composition
Not all loads are symmetrically loaded

How does the tissue reflect this in its microarchitecture?

Engineering Assessment
Micro-architecture: design at the histological level

distribution of trabecular (spongy) –vs- compact bone

Macroarchitecture (Gross Anatomy, Integrated Skeletal Design
Macroarchitecture (Gross Anatomy, Integrated Skeletal Design)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXgZap0AvL0