WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN”

1
 SCOPE
 To build the operational side of Pakistan’s
National Water Distribution/ Water Accord
 To discuss the availability of water, demand,
per capita consumption and the issues
concerning, the conservation, supply &
management in Pakistan
 To discuss management of potable water,
challenges and constraints at the level of
service delivery

2
 THE WORLD’S WATER AVAILABILITY
 Only about 3% is
fresh water and Oceans
rest is Saline 97% Fresh
 Of the 3% Fresh 3%
Water,
 70% is locked 70%
in glaciers Glaciers
 29% is found
underground in 29%
aquifers
 1% is found in
lakes, rivers, & Aquifers
streams 1%
Lakes Rivers & Streams 3
 SURFACE WATER AVAILABILITY
WORLD, SOUTH ASIA & PAKISTAN - 2015
35,395 MAF
Surface Water (MAF)

5900 m3 /capita 1024 m3 /capita1032 m3/capita

1,577 MAF 145 MAF

World South Asia Pakistan

(South Asia Region includes Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh & Maldives)
4
INDUS BASIN - PAKISTAN

Surface Water
145 MAF/Annum
Ground Water
50 MAF Ravi

Western Rivers

Eastern Rivers

Indus Water Treaty 1960 divided Indus

Basin Rivers between India & Pakistan 5
 AVAILABILITY OF RIVER WATER
20 %
Water
in
265
Days
80 %
Water
in 100
Days
183 MAF
(June
145 MAF 15 to
Sept
99 MAF
20)

Reservoirs needed for inter-season

Max. Flow Avg. Annual Min. Flow and inter-year transfer of Water
1978-79 Flow (2001-02)
(1976-2015)
6
WATER - CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN PAKISTAN
Domestic
Industrial 5%
5%

Agricultur
e
Industrial
Agriculture, Domestic
90%

7
 SURFACE WATER
Annual Average
Inflow
145 MAF

System Losses Evaporation

Diverted to Canals Percolation
(Rivers)
105 MAF Conveyance
10 MAF
Conveyance losses
40 MAF

Water available at
Farm Gate
65 MAF

Flowing to Sea
30 MAF
8
 ESCAPAGE BELOW KOTRI (MAF) TO SEA

100
91.83 Average 18.33 MAF
(2007 to 2016)
Average 30 MAF
80.59 81.49
80 (1976-2015)
69.08
62.76
60 53.29 54.50
52.86
Annual Discharge (MAF)

45.91 45.40
42.34
40 35.15 36.28
33.79
30.39 29.81 29.55 29.11 24.40
26.90
20.10 20.79 20.18 21.78
17.53 17.22 18.30
20 15.82 14.26
9.68 10.98 8.83 1.93 5.38 6.86
6.05
0.77 2.37 0.29 4.07
0
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82

1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91

1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98

2000-01

2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08

2010-11
2011-12
2012-13

2014-15
2015-16
1976-77

1982-83
1983-84

1991-92
1992-93

1998-99

2001-02
2002-03

2008-09
2009-10

2013-14
1999-2000

Source: WRMD WAPDA based on data supplied by Govt. of Sindh

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 LAND USE IN PAKISTAN
CATEGORY AREA (MA)
GEOGRAPHICAL AREA 196.7

IN
AREA SUITABLE FOR AGRICULTURE 74.6

DU
S
DISPUTED

RI
VE
CULTIVATED AREA KABUL RIV

R
ER TERRITORY
54.5
(IRRIGATED + BARANI)
AREA UNDER IRRIGATION
47.0
(BY ALL SOURCES)
ADDITIONAL AREA THAT CAN BE

er
er
Riv

m Riv
BROUGHT UNDER IRRIGATED 20.1 ab er

iver
en Riv
Ch vi

Jhelu
AGRICULTURE Ra

R
Indus
SOURCE: AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS OF PAKISTAN 2007-08
iver
lej R
Sut

LEGEND
MOUNTAINS

DESERTS

AREA UNDER
IRRIGATION
AREA THAT
CAN BE BROUGHT
UNDER IRRIGATION

Sindh 3.4 MA
Punjab 3.8 MA
ARABIAN SEA KP 3.0 MA
Baloch. 9.9 MA
TOTAL 20.1 MA
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 WATER AVAILABILITY & POPULATION
5260

364
332
310
225
190
1259143
1032 800
34 581 542 495

1951 2000 2015 2025 2050 2075 2100

Water
Per M3 per
Capita Capita
availbility Papulation (million)
>1700 No Water Stress < 1700 Water Stress
Water
Availability <1000 Water Scarcity < 500 Absolute Scarcity
(M3/Capita)
 WATER DISTRIBUTION AMONG PROVINCES
- 1991 WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD
 AfterIndus Water Treaty, four different committees/commissions
were established to decide inter-Provincial water distribution
(Akhtar Hussain Committee 1968, Fazal-e-Akbar Committee
1970, Indus Waters Commission (Anwar-ul-Haq Commission)
1977 & Haleem Commission 1983)
 Finally Water Apportionment Accord (March, 1991) was
concluded - a product of difficult and longtime efforts
 Envisioned to promote national solidarity and interprovincial
trust to pave the way for water infrastructure developments
 Served as an important moderating function in the interprovincial
hydro-politics
 Despite few inherent weaknesses, worked reasonably well and is
largely considered as landmark 12
 KEY FEATURES OF THE 1991 WATER APPORTIONMENT
ACCORD
 Clause 2 apportioned the 117.35 MAF of river water by allocating
55.94 MAF to Punjab, 48.76 MAF to Sindh, 8.78 MAF to KP and
3.87 MAF to Balochistan

 Clause 4 distributed balance waters during floods and from future

storages (37% to each Punjab & Sindh, 14% to KP and 12% to
Balochistan)

 Clause 6 admitted the need for storages wherever feasible

 Clause 7 recognized the need for below Kotri environmental

flows; Sindh asked for 10 MAF below Kotri flows until the
optimum volume is determined through separate studies

 Clause 13 recommended establishment of IRSA for implementing

the Accord 13
WATER MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
 Inadequate Storages

 Water conservation

 Low water use efficiency

 Low productivity

 Ground water management

 Water pricing

 Climate change
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World Bank Report on Water and Power Resources
of West Pakistan by Peter Lieftinck (1969)

“Pakistan should be building at least one reservoir

for storage of about 6 MAF of water every decade in
the foreseeable future.’’

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 AVERAGE ANNUAL FLOW AND STORAGE
CAPACITY ON MAJOR RIVER BASINS
AVERAGE LIVE
NO. OF STORAGE %AGE
RIVER BASINS ANNUAL DAMS CAPACITY STORAGE
FLOW (MAF) (MAF)
COLORADO 12 3 59.62 497
NILE 47 1 132 281
SUTLEJ BEAS 32 5 11.32 35
YELLOW RIVER 345 7 68.95 20
INDUS BASIN 145 3 14.06 10
WORLD
AVERAGE 20,000 - 8,000 40

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 CARRY OVER CAPACITY (DAYS)

1,000
900

600
500

170

30

Egypt America Australia South India Pakistan

Africa
17
S to ra
STORAGE CAPACITY OF

Raising 2.9
Tarbela 9.7

Mangla
EXISTING RESERVOIRS

Chashma 0.7
14.2
Mangla
S e d im e n t (M A F )

5.9

15.3

14.0 13.1
10.6
8.1
5.3 5.6
0.0
0.1 0.4
4.4 4.6 5.5
8.0
10.5
13.0

1967 1971 1976 2012 2016 2025 2050 2075 2100

Sedimentation Storage Capacity (MAF) New Reservoirs 18
S
STORAGE CAPACITY WITH NEW RESERVOIRS

Akhori 6.0
Kalabagh 6.1
Shyok 5.0

Mohmand 0.6

Basha 6.4
Raising 2.9
Tarbela 9.7

Mangla
S e d im e n t (M A F )

Chashma 0.7
Mangla

14.2

5.9

20.1

36.2 34.7
31.7 29.7
13.8
26.1
15.3
14.0
0.0
5.3

1967 1971 1976 2012 2016 2024 2025 2026 2030 2035 2050 2100
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Sedimentation Storage Capacity (MAF) New Reservoirs
 WATER CONSERVATION
 Development of Water Reservoirs –> More Storages

 Canal Lining –> Seepage Control

 High Efficiency Irrigation System –> More Crop per

Drop

 Treatment of Saline Effluent –> Re-use

 Rain water harvesting

 Ground water recharging

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WATER USE EFFICIENCY

21
PRODUCTIVITY PER UNIT OF WATER (Kg / m3 )

1.56

0.8

0.39

0.13

USA China India Pakistan

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 PRODUCTIVITY PER UNIT OF LAND
(TON/HECTARE)

7.6

5.99
5.36
4.8

2.24

France Egypt Saudi Arabia India Pakistan

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 VIRTUAL WATER
Water Needed to
Items Produce
(Litres)
A Cup of Coffee 140
1 litre of Milk 1,000
1 kg of Wheat 1,350
1 kg of Rice 3,000
1 Jeans Trouser 11,000
1 kg of Beef 22,000

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 GROUND WATER DEPLETION
 Due to increasing population water demands is
increasing both for agriculture and domestic sectors.
 Canal water is short due to increasing cropping
intensity (130% in 1988 to 175% at present);
 Consequently ground water abstraction is
compensating these increased water demands.
 About 45 to 55 MAF ground water is being pumped
annually, with more than one million tube wells,
lowering water table at a rate of 0.5 to 1.5 ft/year.

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 GROUND WATER DEPLETION
 Reduction in Ravi and Sutlej River flows from 21 MAF
to 2.0 MAF reduced groundwater recharge in Bari
Doab
 Domestic and industrial waste disposal without
treatment is heavily polluting rivers, especially during
low flows
 Quetta aquifers need 200 years to Re-charge !

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 WATER PRICING
 Water distribution through Barrages & Canals to
Provinces
 Tubewell water costs Rs. 3000-5000 per acre foot
 Punjab Abiana rate, Kharif Rs.85/acre foot and Rabi
Rs.50/acre foot
 Collection of Abiana varies between 30-60% which is
less than ¼ of O&M Cost
 Canal Water being very cheap encourages wastages
and inefficient use
 For sustainability of the water infrastructure,
rationalization of Water Pricing is a must

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 CLIMATE CHANGE
IMPACT ON WATER RESOURCES
 Rising Trend in Temperature World wide
 During last century , average annual temperature over Pakistan
increased by 0.6°C

 Projected recession of Karakoram-Himalayan Glaciers

 Himalayan Glaciers are receding while Karakoram are stable

 Change in Monsoon patterns - Westward movement &

cloud bursts

 Frequent recurrence of Droughts & Floods

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GLACIERS IN UPPER INDUS
KHUNJERAB
PASS

GILGIT

SKARDU

LINE OF CONTROL

 No. of Glaciers > 5,000

 Glaciated Area > 19,500 Km2 (13,000 Km2 in
Pakistan)
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 Annual Glacial melt > 40 MAF
 HANNA LAKE IN BALOCHISTAN
DROUGHT PERIOD (1999 TO 2002)

HANNA LAKE IN BALOCHISTAN

(FULL IN 2011)

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 RECURRING FLOODS SINCE 2010
UN rated 2010 floods as ‘greatest humanitarian crisis in recent history’

Sindh 2010 Lower Sindh 2011

Indus Max flow – 1,150,000 Cusecs Rainfall more than 500 mm

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 Way Forward
 A Committee of Chief Ministers under Council of Common
Interests (CCI) to deal with water issues especially construction
of new water storages
 Rationalization of water pricing
 Regulation of sub-soil water extraction
 Canal lining
 Action plan for the treatment of effluent generated by industry,
agriculture & municipal use
 Strengthening IRSA
 Adoption of latest technologies in consultation with Provinces to
bring transparency and access to all on water issues
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