Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PLEURA
Andi Muhammad Late Reza
Pembimbing:
dr. Jamaluddin Ma’dolangan, Sp.P(K)
Murali R, Park K. The pleura in health and disease. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;31:649-73.
Akualin J, Yarmus L, Feller-Kopman D. The evaluation and clinical application of pleural physiology. Clin Chest Med. 2013;34:11-9.
Rahman NM, Wang NS. Anatomy of the pleura. In: Light RW, Lee YCG, editors. Textbook of pleural disease. Boca Raton, FL: Hodder Arnold; 2008.p. 13-25.
Sevin CM, Light RW. Microscopic anatomy of the pleura. Thorac Surg Clin. 2011;21:173-5.
PENDAHULUAN
Sevin CM, Light RW. Microscopic anatomy of the pleura. Thorac Surg Clin. 2011;21:173-5.
Light RW. Anatomy of the pleura. In: Pleural disease. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.p.1-7.
ANATOMI
Pleura parietal
Sudut Kosto-diafragma
diafragmatika
kiri
Netter FH. The ciba collection of medical illustrations vol. 7 respiratory system 2 nd ed. USA : Ciba. 1980 ; 32-3.
4
Anatomi Pleura (Makroskopik)
Rahman NM, Wang NS. Anatomy of the pleura. In: Light RW, Lee YCG, editors. Textbook of pleural disease. Boca Raton, FL: Hodder Arnold; 2008.p. 13-25.
Finley DJ, Rusch VW. Anatomy of the pleura. Thorac Surg Clin. 2011;21:157- 63.
Yalcin NG, Choong CKC, Eizenberg N. Anatomy and patophysiology of the pleura and pleural space. Thorac Surg Clin. 2013;23:1-10.
Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Pleurae, lungs, and tracheobronchial tree. In: Taylor C, editor. Moore clinically oriented anatomy. 7th ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Walkins; 2014.p.108-10.
Lapisan Pleura (Sel Mesotel)
Jen Peng M, San Wang N. Anatomy of the Pleura. In : Bouros D, Ed. Pleural Disease. New York. 2004.
6
Lapisan Pleura (Mikroskopik)
Pleura secara mikroskopis terdiri dari lima lapisan :
(satu lapisan seluler dan empat lapisan subseluler)
sel mesotel
Diameter sel mesotel bervariasi dari 16,4± 6,8 µm sampai 41,9
± 9,5 µm dengan ketebalan <1 µm sampai >4 µm
Rahman NM, Wang NS. Anatomy of the pleura. In: Light RW, Lee YCG, editors. Textbook of pleural disease. Boca Raton, FL: Hodder Arnold; 2008.p. 13-25.
Sevin CM, Light RW. Microscopic anatomy of the pleura. Thorac Surg Clin. 2011;21:173-5.
Jaurand MC, Fleury-Feith J. Mesothelial cells. In: Light RW, Lee YCG, editors. Textbook of pleural disease. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, Fl: Hodder Arnold; 2008.p.27-34.
Lapisan Pleura (Mikroskopik)
Sel mesotel menghasilkan berbagai growth factor dan mediator
inflamasi, memfagosit partikel asing, sebagai barier pertukaran
ion dan molekul kecil, dan dapat berubah menjadi miofibroblas
Rahman NM, Wang NS. Anatomy of the pleura. In: Light RW, Lee YCG, editors. Textbook of pleural disease. Boca Raton, FL: Hodder Arnold; 2008.p. 13-25.
Rongga Pleura
Rongga pleura adalah rongga tertutup yang terbentuk antara
pleura parietal dan viseral
Akualin J, Yarmus L, Feller-Kopman D. The evaluation and clinical application of pleural physiology. Clin Chest Med. 2013;34:11-9.
Rahman NM, Wang NS. Anatomy of the pleura. In: Light RW, Lee YCG, editors. Textbook of pleural disease. Boca Raton, FL: Hodder Arnold; 2008.p. 13-25.
Yalcin NG, Choong CKC, Eizenberg N. Anatomy and patophysiology of the pleura and pleural space. Thorac Surg Clin. 2013;23:1-10.
Cairan Pleura
Pembentukan cairan pleura melibatkan sirkulasi pulmoner,
sirkulasi sistemik, penyaliran limfatik dan pergerakan mekanik
rongga toraks
Netter FH. The ciba collection of medical illustrations vol. 7 respiratory system 2 nd ed. USA : Ciba. 1980 ; 32-3.
Rahman NM, Wang NS. Anatomy of the pleura. In: Light RW, Lee YCG, editors. Textbook of pleural disease. Boca Raton, FL: Hodder Arnold; 2008.p. 13-25.
Sevin CM, Light RW. Microscopic anatomy of the pleura. Thorac Surg Clin. 2011;21:173-5.
Light RW. Anatomy of the pleura. In: Pleural disease. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.p.1-7.
Sirkulasi Limfatik
Netter FH. The ciba collection of medical illustrations vol. 7 respiratory system 2 nd ed. USA : Ciba. 1980 ; 32-3.
Sevin CM, Light RW. Microscopic anatomy of the pleura. Thorac Surg Clin. 2011;21:173-5.
Finley DJ, Rusch VW. Anatomy of the pleura. Thorac Surg Clin. 2011;21:157- 63.
Negrini D, Moriondo A. Pleural function and lymphatics. Acta Physiol. 2013;207:244-59.
Inervasi
Rahman NM, Wang NS. Anatomy of the pleura. In: Light RW, Lee YCG, editors. Textbook of pleural disease. Boca Raton, FL: Hodder Arnold; 2008.p. 13-25.
Light RW. Anatomy of the pleura. In: Pleural disease. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.p.1-7.
Finley DJ, Rusch VW. Anatomy of the pleura. Thorac Surg Clin. 2011;21:157- 63.
Yalcin NG, Choong CKC, Eizenberg N. Anatomy and patophysiology of the pleura and pleural space. Thorac Surg Clin. 2013;23:1-10.
Pintelon I, Brouns I, Proost I, Meir F, Timmermans J, Adriaensen D. Sensory receptors in the visceral pleura. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;36:541-51.
Adriaensen D, Brouns I, Timmermans J. Sensory input to the central nervus system from the lung and airways: a prominent role for purigenic signalling via P2X2/3 receptors. Auton Neurosci. 2015:1-9.
FISIOLOGI
Cairan Pleura
Cairan pleura berasal dari kapiler pleura melalui filtrasi
mikrovaskuler melewati lapisan endotel dan interstisial
kapiler pleura
Akualin J, Yarmus L, Feller-Kopman D. The evaluation and clinical application of pleural physiology. Clin Chest Med. 2013;34:11-9.
Yalcin NG, Choong CKC, Eizenberg N. Anatomy and patophysiology of the pleura and pleural space. Thorac Surg Clin. 2013;23:1-10.
Noppen M, Waele M, Li R, Gucht KV, D'Haese J, Gerlo E, et al. Volume and cellular content of normal pleural fluid in humans examined by pleural lavage. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:1023-6.
Broaddus VC. Physiology: fluid and solute exchange in normal physiological states. In: Light RW, Lee YCG, editors. Textbook of pleural disease. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: Hodder Arnold; 2008.p.43-8.
Hukum Starling
Faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap pembentukan cairan
pleura :
- perbedaan tekanan hidrostatik dan onkotik antara
rongga pleura dan kapiler pleura
- aliran zat terlarut
- konduktivitas hidrolik
- luas permukaan
- koefisien zat terlarut
- permeabilitas endotel dan interstisial kapiler pleura
Akualin J, Yarmus L, Feller-Kopman D. The evaluation and clinical application of pleural physiology. Clin Chest Med. 2013;34:11-9.
Yalcin NG, Choong CKC, Eizenberg N. Anatomy and patophysiology of the pleura and pleural space. Thorac Surg Clin. 2013;23:1-10.
Noppen M, Waele M, Li R, Gucht KV, D'Haese J, Gerlo E, et al. Volume and cellular content of normal pleural fluid in humans examined by pleural lavage. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:1023-6.
Hukum Starling
Keterangan:
Perpindahan cairan menuju rongga pleura mengikuti persamaan starling yaitu : aliran
cairan transpleura (Jv) = koefisien filtrasi x (grad. Tek. Hidrostatik antara kapiler dan
pleura) – koefisien kemampuan restriksi membran thd migrasi molekul besar x (grad.
Tek onkotik kapiler dan pleura)
Akualin J, Yarmus L, Feller-Kopman D. The evaluation and clinical application of pleural physiology. Clin Chest Med. 2013;34:11-9.
Yalcin NG, Choong CKC, Eizenberg N. Anatomy and patophysiology of the pleura and pleural space. Thorac Surg Clin. 2013;23:1-10.
Noppen M, Waele M, Li R, Gucht KV, D'Haese J, Gerlo E, et al. Volume and cellular content of normal pleural fluid in humans examined by pleural lavage. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:1023-6.
Light RW. Physiology of the pleural space. In: Pleural disease. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Walkin; 2013.p.8-17.
Ingelfinger JR, Feller-Kopman D, Light RW. Pleural Disease The new england journal of medicine. UK : The new england journal of medicine. 2018.
Tekanan hidrostatik dan onkotik
Tekanan hidrostatik pleura parietal sekitar 30 cmH2O
sedangkan rongga pleura sebesar -5 cmH2O sehingga
tekanan hidrostatik akhir sebesar 30 – (-5) = 35 cmH2O
Akualin J, Yarmus L, Feller-Kopman D. The evaluation and clinical application of pleural physiology. Clin Chest Med. 2013;34:11-9.
Zocchi L. Physiology and pathophysiology of pleural fluid turnover. Eur Respir J. 2000;20:1545-58.
Konsentrasi protein secara klinis dapat menjadi patokan
dlm menentukan mekanisme pembentukan efusi pleura :
- normal cairan transudat kadar protein rendah
- jejas/kebocoran pembuluh darah cairan eksudat
kadar protein tinggi
Broaddus VC. Physiology: fluid and solute exchange in normal physiological states. In: Light RW, Lee YCG, editors. Textbook of pleural disease. 2nd ed. Boca
Raton, FL: Hodder Arnold; 2008.p.43-8.
Tekanan Pleura
Tekanan pleura gambaran keseimbangan antara tarikan
keluar dinding dada dan tarikan ke dalam paru
Light RW. Physiology of the pleural space. In: Pleural disease. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Walkin; 2013.p.8-17.
West JB. Mechanics of breathing. In: Taylor C, editor. Respiratory physiology the essentials. 9th ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012.p.95-121.
Hubungan tekanan intraalveolar
dan intrapleura
Sherwood L. Respiratory system. In: Cossio Y, editor. Fundamentals of human physiology. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole; 2012.p.344-79.
Tekanan intraalveolar = tekanan atmosfer yaitu 760 mmHg dan
lebih tinggi dari tekanan pleura (gradien tekanan transmural)
menyebabkan paru selalu mengembang untuk mengisi
rongga toraks
Wilson WC, Benumof JL. Physiology of the airway. In: Hagberg CA, editor. Benumof and hagberg's airway management. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.p.118-
23.
• Rasio ventilasi-perfusi
di bagian atas paru
tinggi dan rendah di
bagian bawah paru
• Aliran darah minimal
• Tekanan parsial
oksigen alveolar
(PAO2) tinggi dan
tekanan parsial
karbonsioksida
(PACO2) rendah
Wilson WC, Benumof JL. Physiology of the airway. In: Hagberg CA, editor. Benumof and hagberg's airway management. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.p.118-23.
West JB. Ventilation-perfusion relationship. In: Taylor C, editor. Respiratory physiology the essentials. 9th ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Walkins; 2012.p.56-76.
Kesimpulan
Pleura adalah suatu membran dinamik dengan metabolisme
aktif yang berperan dalam menjaga homeostasis dan
berespons terhadap inflamasi
Rongga pleura mengandung cairan pleura yang terbentuk dari
kapiler sistemik terutama berasal dari pleura parietal dan
diregulasikan sesuai hukum Starling
Kapasitas absorbsi cairan pleura dapat mencapai 28 kali lipat
bila terjadi peningkatan produksi cairan pleura
Tekanan pleura menentukan volume paru dan ventilasi lebih
besar terjadi di bagian basal sedangkan kadar oksigen lebih
tinggi di bagian apeks paru
TERIMA KASIH