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Partial Differential in Economics
Partial Differential in Economics
a b
%Qd a
Qd a
Pb
% Pb Pb Qd a
2) The cross elasticiity of goods a with goods b
b a %Qd Qd b
% P b Pa Qdb
a
Pa
Cross Elasticity
• cross elasticity of demand
< 0 for Pa and Pb,
If ab and n ba
So the relationship betweet A and B are ‘Complement’;
because a decrease price of one goods/product will be
followed by an increase in demand for both of product
Qdb(Pa3)(Pb) – 1 = 0
Calculate the elasticity of demand for each goods and
how is the relationship between that two goods?
Qda(Pa2)(Pb ) – 1 = 0
3
Qdb(Pa3)(Pb) – 1 = 0
Qda(Pa2)(Pb ) =
1 3 Qdb(Pa3)(Pb) =
1 b = 1 / (Pa3)(Pb)
Qd
Qda = 1 / (Pa2)(Pb )
3
= Pa-3 Pb -1
1) Elasticity of Demand:
find Qda’ and Qdb’:
Qd a 2P 3 P 3 Qd b P 3 P 2
Pa a Pb a
Form of the elasticity
b of demand equation:
b
d a Qd a
Pa Qd a
Pa 2Pa 3 Pb 3
2 3 2 Pa 2 Pb3
P P P Pb 1
d b aQd b
Pb Qd b a
a3 b1
b P P
goodsPba: elastic, goods b: elastic-uniter
2) Cross Elasticity:
Find the first derivative of a and b:
Qd a Qd b
3Pa Pb
2 4
3Pa 4 Pb 1
Pb Pa
form of cross elasticity:
a b Qd a Pb 3Pa 2 Pb 4 3
Pb Qd a a 2 b3
P P
b a PbQd b 3P P Pa 3
4 1
Pa Qd b a
b Pa3 P b1
Pa
The relationship between the two goods is complement
Company with two different product (Joint Production Cos
t)
If a company product two different output, the cost we paid of that two different output or
product is called “joint production cost”.
The revenue when produce B:
(1)
(2)
From (1) and (2) we can get the value of the two different output/goods that is A and B or and
EXAMPLE
The total cost of a company to produce two different product, A and B,
represent by . The price of each product is and . Calculate, how many units of each
goods must be produce to get the maximum profit and how much the amount of that maximum profit!
Answer
From (1) and (2) we can get and
maximum
So to get the maximum ‘profit’ , company have to produce 2 units of A goods and 3 units of B
goods with a profit of 37.
Partial Marginal Utility (indifference curve)
and Optimal Point on Budjet line
In a real life, a consumer not only consume one type of good or product, but various
kinds of good. If the utility of of goods represent by and goods we consume represent b
y
, so the utility fuction can be written as follow,
notation
Suppose that consumers only consume two different goods or product, say it and .
So the utility function is :
3. Utilitas maksimum; a.U maksimum = 1.134 b.U maksimum = 1.047 c.U maksimum
= 982 d.U maksimum = 768 4.Jika jumlah barang yang digunakan sebanyak 12
unit maka utilitas yang diperoleh; a.U₁₂ = U maksimum b.U₁₂ ˃ U maksimum
c.U₁₂ ˂ U maksimum d.U₁₂
The existence of taxes is part of a passive fiscal policy or autom
atic stabilizers or it can also be called a built-in stabilizer fiscal
policy.
The Role of Taxes in Fiscal Policy
Taxes are an integral part of fiscal policy. This is because taxes are the largest contribu
tor to the State Budget (APBN). In addition, taxes are a very effective fiscal instrument
in directing the economy.
Jika jumlah keluaran yang dihasilkan dilambangkan dengan P dan faktor masukan dilambang
kan dengan xi (i = 1,2, ..., ..., n), maka fungsi produksinya dapat dinyatakan dengan
P = f(x1, x2, x3, ..., ..., xn)
Misal, ada 2 macam variabel atau faktor produksi untuk memproduksi suatu barang berupa
(K dan L), fungsi produksi dapat dituliskan sebagai P = f(k, l)
Isocost : suatu fungsi yang mencerminkan kemampuan produsen membeli beragai macam
masukan berkenaan dengan harga masing-masing masukan dan jumlah dana yang dimiliki.
Misalkan jumlah dana yang dianggarkan untuk membeli masukan K dan masukan L adalah
sebesar M, serta harga masukan K dan masukan L masing-masing Pk dan Pl. persamaan
isocostnya dapat dituliskan sebagai M = k . Pk + l . Pl
Tingkat kombinasi penggunaan masukan yang optimum dapat dicari dengan menggunakan
metode pengganda Lagrange (Lagrange Multiplier)
Tingkat kombinasi penggunaan yang maksimum dapat diperoleh dari turunan pertama
Fungsi lagrange yang telah disusun terhadap masing-masing variabel bebas
Fk (k, l) = F/ k = 0 fk(k, l) + Pk = 0
Fl (k, l) = F/ l = 0 fl(k, l) + Pl = 0
In other words, it is stated that the optimum production with the lowest cost combination will be achieve
d if the result of dividing the marginal product for each input = price.
Total Production : P = f(k,l)
Marginal Production Input K ; MPk = fk (k,l) =
Marginal Production Input K ; MPl f (k,l) =
= l