HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

10 1 and 2
 What is Respiration?
 It is one of the characteristics of life.
 A chemical process which takes place in all
living things.
 Release energy from food molecules, such as
glucose and fat.
 Two type, aerobic and
anaerobic.
 Breathing
 The movement of air into and out of the lungs.

 Providing oxygen and getting rid of carbon

dioxide.
 The Respiratory System
Nasal passages
Filter, warm and moisten air.

Epiglottis
 Prevents food entering

the trachea.
 If it does we cough it

out.
Larynx
The voice box, with vocal
Cords.
Trachea/windpipe
Air passage

Cartilage
Prevent collapse of trachea

Bronchus
Air passage to each lungs

Bronchioles
Many branches which carry air to alveoli.
Alveoli / air sacs

Where gaseous exchange

takes place, as oxygen is
exchange for carbon
dioxide.

Pleural fluid

A lubricant which allows

lung movement during
breathing in and breathing
out.
Intercostal Muscles
There are two types, the internal intercostal and
external intercostal muscles.

 The internal intercostal

muscle pull the ribcage
down and in when
contract.

 The external intercostal

muscle pull the ribcage
out and up when
contract.
Diaphragm
When flattens it push ribcage up and ribcage go
back down when it is at its normal dome shape.
 Breathing Mechanism/Breathing In And Out

Breathing in/ Inspiration

 External intercostal muscles

contract
 Internal intercostal muscles

relax
 Ribcage go upwards and outwards
 Diaphragm muscles contract
 Diaphragm flattens
 Lungs volume increase
 Lungs pressure decrease
 Air is force in
Breathing Out/ Expiration

 Internal intercostal muscles

contract
 External intercostal muscles

relax
 Ribcage move inwards and

down
 Diaphragm muscle relax
 Diaphragm goes back to it dome shape
 Lungs volume decrease
 Lungs pressure increase
 Air is force out
Factors Which Affects Our Breathing Rate
Vital Capacity

This is the volume of air that you breath out after

taking a deep breath.
 Gaseous Exchange

 When the body exchange oxygen for carbon

dioxide.
 Takes place in the alveoli
 Capillaries surrounding the alveoli contain less
oxygen than in the air sac.

 Oxygen then
diffuses from
alveolus into the
capillaries.

 The blood contains

more carbon
dioxide, hence
carbon dioxide
diffuses from blood into the alveolus.
 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen
 When oxygen enters

the blood it combines

with haemoglobin in
red blood cells.

 The chemical is red

in colour.
Carbon Dioxide
 It is carried from the body cells to the lungs in

the form of
bicarbonates.

 The bicarbonates
Dissolved in the
Plasma of blood.
 Characteristics of Gaseous Exchange
Surfaces
A large surface area
For diffusion of gases.

A moist surface so that

Gases can dissolve
Before diffusion.

 Thin walls so that gases

Do Not have diffuse very
far.
 Questions
 Outline what happens to the following

structures when you exhale.

 diaphragm
 ribs
 intercostals muscles
 pressure in the chest
 Why does your breathing rate increase when

you exercise?
 Which two gases exchange in the alveoli?
 What traps and removes dust particles from

the trachea?
 Cellular Respiration

 Occurs in all living cells

 It provides a constant supply of energy for cells

to do work.

 A muscle contracts to move your arm.

 This energy comes from cellular respiration.

 Respiration in Mitochondria

 Energy is released from glucose in the

mitochondria.

 The energy is store in a

chemical called adenosine
triphosphate ATP.

 ATP is energy rich.

 When broken, chemical

bonds between phosphate
groups release energy.
 ATP will breakdown to adenosine diphosphate
or ADP.

 A phosphate group breaks

off which release energy to
do work.

 ADP is then change back

to ATP by the addition of a
phosphate group and
energy.

 The energy comes from glucose.

 Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

Aerobic Respiration
 In aerobic respiration oxygen is used in the

breakdown of glucose.

 Aerobic respiration take place in the

mitochondria.
Worded equation
Glucose + oxygen →carbon dioxide +water+ energy

Symbol equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
 Anaerobic Respiration
 Energy
is release from glucose without using
oxygen.

 Organismsthat live in area where there is no

oxygen use anaerobic respiration to release
energy.

 Anaerobicrespiration take place in the

cytoplasm of cells.
 Yeast cells can respire anaerobically.

 They produce alcohol and carbon dioxide with

the energy they release.
 Industrial Uses of Anaerobic Respiration
 Many industries rely on alcoholic fermentation.

 Beer and wines are produced by alcoholic

fermentation by yeast.

 Baking industries uses the carbon dioxide

produced to make the dough rise in bread.

 Anaerobic respiration are cultured to make

cheese.
 Questions
1. What is the importance of the respiratory
system.
2. Give the name of one other system which the
respiratory system work with.
3. State the two main gases involve in breathing.
4. Name two muscles that contract for inspiration
to take place.
5. list in sequence the activities required to
breathe out.
 Oxygen Debt
 When a person exercises continuously, the

muscles need more ATP than usual.

 When the muscles do not get enough oxygen to

respire aerobically, anaerobic respiration will
start.

 As energy release without oxygen.

 Lactic acid will now produce.

 Oxygen will have to be use to remove the lactic

acid rapidly
 This is why we breathe so heavily after
strenuous exercise.

 More oxygen in our bodies will break down

lactic acid.

 Once lactic acid has been broken down, the

oxygen debt is repaid and the heart rate and
breathing rate return to normal.
 Mouth-to-mouth Resuscitation
When a person has an accident and stops
breathing they should get artificial breathing.

Step 1
 pinch the nostrils shut and tilt the head back

and push the lower jaw forward. This opens

the airways.
Step 2
Take a deep breath and open your mouth and seal
your lips against the person’s mouth. Breathe
out firmly but gently into the person’s mouth.
This puts air into the person’s lungs.
Step 3
Lift your mouth away and turn your head to look
at the person’s chest. If you have been
successful you will see that the chest has risen
and is now falling as air is leaving the lungs.
Step 4
Repeat step 2 and 3 at a steady rate. Breathing
should start again.
 Cigarette Smoking
Nicotine
 This is a poison.
 It is also addictive.
 This means that, once your body has got used
to it, you feel that you cannot do without it.
 Nicotine is a stimulant which make parts of the

brain more active.

 Nicotine also make blood vessels narrower and

increase blood vessels.

 Tar
 Tar is carcinogenic (cancerous).

 Chemicals in tar damage genes that

would normally regulate how often a
cell divides.

 The cells begins to divide uncontrollably,

forming a lump or tumour.