TOPIC 2:

THE IN PU T - O U TP U T
CHANNELS
WHY DO WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND
HUMAN?
• Interacting with technology is cognitive.
• Human cognition process is involved when interacting with
system, like attention, perception, recognition, memory,
learning, reasoning, problem solving and decision making.
• Human capabilities are limited.
• Provide knowledge about what user can and can’t be expected
to do.
• Identifies
and explain the root cause of the problems users
encounter.
• Supply theories, modelling, guidance and methods for improved
interactive systems.
INPUT – OUTPUT CHANNELS
•A person’s interaction with the outside world occurs
through information being received and sent: input and
output.
•In an interaction with computer, a user receives
information from the output of computer, user’s output
becomes computer’s input and vice versa.
•Input in human occurs through senses (sight, hearing,
touch, taste and smell) and output through control of
the effectors (limb, eyes, fingers, head and vocal
system).
VISION
•Human vision is a highly complex activity with a range
of physical and perceptual limitations. It is primary
source of the information.

Visual perception
• Perception of size and depth
• Perceiving brightness (measured in luminance)
• Perceiving color
 Limitations of visual processing
Visual processing involves the transformation and
interpretation of a complete image, from the light that
is thrown onto the retina.
 Design Focus
Optical illusions highlight the differences between the way
things are and the way we perceive them – and in interface
design we need to be aware that we will not always perceive
things exactly as they are. The way that objects are composed
together will affect the way we perceive them, and we do not
perceive geometric shapes exactly as they are drawn.
Optical illusions also affect page symmetry. We tend to see
the center of a page as being a little above the actual center
– so if a page is arranged symmetrically around the actual center,
we will see it as too low down. In graphic design this is known
as optical center.
Reading
a. Adult read approximately 250 words a minute.
b. Words can be recognized as quickly as single
characters.
c. Familiar words are recognized using shape.
d. Font size 9 – 12 are easiest to read.
e. Line length between 2.3-5.2 inches are equally
legible.
f. A negative contrast (dark characters in light
screen) provides higher luminance.
HEARING
Secondary to sight. It provides enormous amount of information.
Such as source and direction of sound. It is the vibration in the air
of sound waves.
a. Human ear can hear frequencies from 20hz to 15khz.
b.It can distinguish frequency changes of 1.5hz.
c. Different frequencies trigger activity in neurons in different parts
of the auditory system.
d.The auditory system performs some filtering of the sounds
received, allowing us to ignore background noise and concentrate
on important information.
e. Sound could be used more extensively in interface design, to
convey information about the system state.
TOUCH
Although this sense is often viewed as less important than
sight or hearing, imagine life without it. Touch provides us with
vital information about our environment. It tells us when we
touch something hot or cold, and can therefore act as a warning.
It also provides us with feedback when we attempt to lift an
object.
END OF PRESENTATION