A Seminar Presentation

Second law of Thermodynamics

Presented by

Sourav Sarkar
 Revisiting the First Law of
Thermodynamics
A hot ball of iron of 5 kg at 90°C is dropped in side a 20 kg water container
Ti = 90 °C
at 30°C. After a certain time the system comes to equilibrium. What is the
final temperature of system?

Specific heat of water Cw = 4.187 kJ/kgK. Specific Heat of Iron Ci= 0.45  kJ/kgK

Energy lost from the ball = Energy gained by the water

 𝑚 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝐶 𝑤 (90 – 𝑇 𝑓 )=𝑚 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶 𝑤(𝑇 𝑓 – 30)

  = 31.57 °C

T water = 30 °C
Revisiting the First Law of Thermodynamics (cont.)

Assume that the ball is getting heated !!!!!!

Final temperature of ball is 98 °C Ti = 90 °C

Energy Gained by the ball = Energy lost from the water

𝑚𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛
  𝐶 𝑤 (98 −90)=𝑚 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶 𝑤(30 −𝑇 𝑓 )

 
= 29.78°C ???

T water = 30 °C
The First Law of Thermodynamics is about Quantity of energy
The second law of thermodynamics, which asserts that processes occur in a certain
direction
The Second Law of Thermodynamics is about the Quality as well as Quantity of energy.
It states that as energy is transferred or transformed, more and more . The quality of
energy is degraded.
Second Law of Thermodynamics : Arrow of
Time

Video 1 Video 2

The Second Law states that there is a natural tendency of any isolated
system to degenerate into a more disordered state
Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
1. They receive heat from a high-temperature source (solar energy, oil furnace, nuclear
reactor, etc.).

2. They convert part of this heat to work (usually in the form of a rotating shaft).

3. They reject the remaining waste heat to a low-temperature sink (the

atmosphere, rivers, etc.).

4. They operate on a cycle.

  = = 1-

 
≠0
Can we save Qout ?
Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Kelvin–Planck Statement
It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle
to receive heat from a single reservoir and produce a
net amount of work.

1 st law of thermodynamics says that efficiency of a heat engine can

not be greater than 1.

2 nd law of thermodynamics says that efficiency of a heat engine

can never be equal to 1
 100 % conversion is
possible
Energ High
Low
y Grade
Continuously Grade
Energy
Energy
High grade Low grade

Example Example
Heat Energy 100 % conversion is
Mechanical Work not possible
Electrical Work Internal High
energy Grade
Low
Energy
Grade Continuously
Energy
Reversible and Irreversible Processes
A reversible process is defined as a process
that can be reversed without leaving any
trace on the surroundings

Reversible processes can be viewed as

theoretical limits for the corresponding
irreversible ones
 Carnot Cycle
Reversible Isothermal Heat Addition

Reversible Adiabatic Expansion

Reversible Isothermal Heat Rejection

Reversible Adiabatic Compression

• 
Consider an ideal gas undergoing a Carnot cycle between two
temperatures TH and TL.

1 to 2, isothermal expansion, DU12 = 0

(1)

 2 to 3, adiabatic expansion, Q23 = 0

 From (2) & (4):
(TL/TH) = (V2/V3)k-1 (2)

 3 to 4, isothermal compression, DU34 = 0

Since
(3)
Substituting for ln(V4/V3) in (1)

 4 to 1, adiabatic compression, Q41 = 0

Hence:
(TL/TH) = (V1/V4)k-1 (4) =
Quality of Energy
“There is only one law of Nature—the second law of thermodynamics—which
recognises a distinction between past and future more profound than the
difference of plus and minus.”

-Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington

Thank You !!!