EFFICIENCY OF SOIL APPLIED GYPSUM AGAINST

CADMIUM TOXICITY IN WHEAT

• Name : Kausar Perveen

• Registration number: 2019-ag-2076
• Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
 Introduction to problems

• Wheat covers about 1/3rdfood requirement of the whole

world. There is an increase in demand for wheat
production due to exponentially increasing human
population. According to an estimate, wheat requirement
will increase up to 750 million tons by the year
2025(Mujeeb-Kazi& Rajaram, 2002).
 Introduction to problems

• Toxic heavy metals are severely dangerous for the environment and pose
serious threats to human health as they get bio-accumulated into the food
chain and consumables of plant . Since the last few decades, soil
contamination with heavy metals has become a focused research area due to

their potential harmful effects on agricultural productivity .

 Introduction to problems

• The untreated industrial effluents, sewage sludge and excessive

use of fertilizers heavily contribute to soil contamination with
heavy metals (Khan et al. 2015). The high water solubility and
longer biological half-life make cadmium (Cd) the most
phytotoxic as compared to any other heavy metal (Andresen
and Küpper 2013).
 Introduction to problems

Cd stress induces many physiological disorders in crop plants such as

alteration in water balance, stomatal opening, inhibition in
photosynthesis, growth retardation, disturbed uptake and distribution
of micro and macronutrients. Cd being a non-essential but readily-
water soluble element hinders the transportation and usage of
essential elements including Mg, Ca, K and P in many crop plants
(Arruje Hameed et all 2020)
 Introduction to problems

• The Cd-induced seed abnormalities are manifested by slow

germination, low germination percentage, decrease dry mass, root
and shoot elongation, and alteration in antioxidant and biochemical
attributes (Sethy and Ghosh 2013). The tolerance of plants to Cd is
dependent on the concentration of Cd applied, plant genotype and
the growth stage of plants (Dixit et al. 2001; Metwally et al. 2005;
Anjum et al. 2007a, b
 Background research on the topic
(review of litrature)
• Shafi et al. (2010) performed a trial to check the cadmium effect and
salt stress on wheat root morphology.This research was done in split
plot design.For each treatment there were three replications.
Cadmium and nacl stress inhibited root and shoot dry weight and
root length .They concluded that combined effect of nacl and
cadmium is more adverse on these parameters than both nacl and
cadmium alone.
 Background research on the topic
(review of litrature)

• MZ ur Rehman et al .(2018) performed a pot experiment

to study alleviation of cadmium toxicity and mininising
its uptake in wheat by using organic carbon sources in
cadmium spiked soil.  Completely randomized design
(CRD) was selected for the experiment with three
replicates.Experiment was conducted to determine the
effects of rice husk biochar (RHB), farmyard manure
(FYM), and lignite (LT) either alone or in combination on
crop growth, Cd bioavailability and health risk
assessment.
 Background research on the topic
(review of litrature)

• The results proved that the application of OC sources

like RHB, FYM, and LT either alone or in combination
were highly effective in enhancing the wheat growth
and yield as well as in minimizing the phyto-available
fraction of Cd and its transfer to edible tissue of wheat.
The RHB was the most efficient source in enhancing
the plant growth and reducing the Cd concentration in
wheat tissues.
•  
 Research methodology

• An experiment will be conducted at old botanical garden,

the Department of Botany, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad . The experiment will be laid out completely
randomized design (CRD) with factorial arrangement. The
experiment will comprise of the following treatments:
 Research methodology

• Factor A: GYPSUM level

• G :40 mg/kg dry soil

•  
• Factor B: Cultivars of Wheat(V)
• V1: ANAJ-2017
• V2: FSD-2008
 Research methodology

• Factor C: Cadmium level

• Cd 0 : 0 mg/ kg dry soil

• Cd 1 :25mg/ kg dry soil

• Cd 2 : 50mg/ kg dry soil

 Plan to study characters

• Data on following character will be taken:

• 1) Plant height
• 2) Shoot fresh weight

• 3) Shoot dry weight

• 4) Root fresh weight
• 5) Root dry weight
 Plan to study characters

• 6) Number of grain per pot

• 7) 100 grain weight

• 8) Number of tiller per pot

• 9) Cd accumulation in grain
• 10) Cd accumulation in stem

• 11) Cd accumulation in roots

 Plan to study characters

• Antioxidents
• 12) Superoxide dimutasae (SOD)
• 13) Peroxidase
• 14) Catalase (CAT)
• 15) Ascorbate peroxidase (APx) 19)
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

• Osmolytes
• 16) Proline contents
• 17) Soluble sugar contents
• 18) Protein contents
 References.

• ur Rehman, M. Z., M. Rizwan, A. Hussain, M.

Saqib ,S. Ali, M.I. Sohail and F.Hafeez.2018.
Alleviation of cadmium (Cd) toxicity and minimizing
its uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum) by using
organic carbon sources in Cd-spiked
soil. Environmental Pollution, 241:557-565.
 
• Mujeeb-Kazi, A., and S. Rajaram . 2002. Transferring
alien genes from related species and genera for
wheat improvement. Bread Wheat Improvement
and Production, 199-215.
• Anjum, N. A.,S. Umar ,A. Ahmad, M. Iqbal and N.A.
Khan, N. A.2008. Sulphur protects mustard (Brassica
campestris L.) from cadmium toxicity by improving
leaf ascorbate and glutathione. Plant Growth
Regulation, 54: 271-279.
 References.

• Andresen, E., and H. Küpper. 2013. Cadmium

toxicity in plants. In Cadmium: from toxicity to
essentiality. Springer, Dordrecht, 395-413
•  Hameed, A., A. Hameed, M. Ahmad and T. Farooq.
2020. Alleviation of cadmium toxicity by mercapto-
triazole priming in wheat. Archives of Agronomy
and Soil Science, 66:1467-1480.
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