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  • Chemical Tests of Abnormal Constituents in Urine: Chemical Tests of Abnormal Constituents in Urine

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    Mohamed Mahmoud
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    This document discusses chemical tests that can detect abnormal constituents in urine. It outlines 5 types of tests: 1) protein, 2) blood, 3) bile, 4) glucose, and 5) ketone bodies. For the protein test, it describes mechanisms of proteinuria and various clinical conditions that can cause glomerular or tubular proteinuria. It also discusses testing for the presence of blood, myoglobin, or hemoglobin in urine which can indicate various renal or other clinical diseases or injuries. Finally, it provides a brief overview of bile salt testing, noting that bile salts are normally excreted in the intestines and their presence in urine indicates cholestasis or impaired bile flow.

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    Bio 2

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    _'prelab Bio2

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    This document discusses chemical tests that can detect abnormal constituents in urine. It outlines 5 types of tests: 1) protein, 2) blood, 3) bile, 4) glucose, and 5) ketone bodies. For the protein test, it describes mechanisms of proteinuria and various clinical conditions that can cause glomerular or tubular proteinuria. It also discusses testing for the presence of blood, myoglobin, or hemoglobin in urine which can indicate various renal or other clinical diseases or injuries. Finally, it provides a brief overview of bile salt testing, noting that bile salts are normally excreted in the intestines and their presence in urine indicates cholestasis or impaired bile flow.

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    13 views6 pages

    Chemical Tests of Abnormal Constituents in Urine: Chemical Tests of Abnormal Constituents in Urine

    Uploaded by

    Mohamed Mahmoud
    This document discusses chemical tests that can detect abnormal constituents in urine. It outlines 5 types of tests: 1) protein, 2) blood, 3) bile, 4) glucose, and 5) ketone bodies. For the protein test, it describes mechanisms of proteinuria and various clinical conditions that can cause glomerular or tubular proteinuria. It also discusses testing for the presence of blood, myoglobin, or hemoglobin in urine which can indicate various renal or other clinical diseases or injuries. Finally, it provides a brief overview of bile salt testing, noting that bile salts are normally excreted in the intestines and their presence in urine indicates cholestasis or impaired bile flow.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 6

    Chemical Tests of Abnormal Constituents in Urine:

    1. Determination of Protein
    2. Determination of Blood
    3. Determination of Bile ….
    4. Determination of Glucose
    5. Determination of Ketone Bodies
    (1) Determination of Protein

    Proteinuria: Presence of abnormal amount of protein in urine


    more than (150 mg/day).
    •Mechanism of Proteinuria:
    (A) Glomerular Proteinuria (B) Tubular Proteinuria
    • Defect in glomerulus • Defect in tubular reabsorption
    (Glomerulus becomes abnormally leaky)
    •Increase filtration •Decrease reabsorption
    •Large molecular weight protein •Small molecular weight protein
    Not filtered , Not reabsorbed Filtered through glomerulus
    Ex: Albumin , gamma globulin But, not reabsorbed
    Ex: Beta-2-microglobulin

    •Cause: •Cause:
    Glomerulonephritis Urate nephropathy
    Diabetic nephropathy ) ROS) Fanconi Syndrome (Proximal Tubular reabsorption defect)
    Preeclampsia Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
    ( Hydrogen ATPase pump defect ( Renal Tubular Acidosis)
    Bence-Jones protein:
    •Very small Mwt abnormal proteins that may be excreted in Multiple Myeloma
    •It has unusual solubility properties. It precipitate when heated to 40-60C,
    BUT becomes soluble again when boiled

    Preeclampsia:
    •It complicates 5-10% of all pregnancies, yet responsible for 20% of
    maternal mortality
    •It usually begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy
    •It is characterized by : •Proteinuria
    •Edema
    •Hypertension
    (2) Determination of Blood

    (B)Haemoglobinuria:
    (A)Haematuria: Presence of free Hb in (c)Myoglobinuria:
    Presence of intact RBCs in urine Presence of Myoglobin
    urine in urine
    •Clinical conditions:
    •Clinical conditions: • Haemolytic Anemia •Clinical conditions:
    Renal Disease: • Mismatched blood • Myocardial infraction
    • Glomerulonephritis transfusion • Infraction of skeletal
    • Urinary Stones • Snake Venom muscle
    Other Clinical Conditions: (Phospholipase A2)
    • Bilharziasis
    )3) Determination of Bile Salt

    •Formed in: Liver


    • Stored & Concentrated in: Gallbladder
    Bile Salts:
    • Normally excreted to the intestine,
    Normally absent in urine
    • Presence of bile salts in urine
    (cholestasis :the flow of bile is impaired)

    Bile Salts:
    • Itching Emulsification
    • Bradycardia
    •Steatorrhea
    Presence of abnormal amount Small particles
    of fats in stool. Lipid
    Easliy digested , absorbed

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