Which common fallacy do you

see used in the numbered

pictures? 2
Put answers in the chat.

AP LANG
MONDAY
FEBRUARY 22
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Schoology

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February 22
Hmwk:
Study TONE WORDS and Rhet Accurate Verbs
Major Works III midpoint check: March 1st,2nd
Share Common Fallacy Slide today
Practice M.C. Questions in AP Classroom
Objective: 
-present common fallacy to class
-write argument providing evidence for position
-review A.Adam’s prompt and revise based on feedback
Agenda
1. Share Common Fallacy Slides
2. Ben Franklin Aphorisms (Wednesday)
3. Review of A. Adams R.A. Prompt
                    
4. Essay Revisions for A. Adams R.A. Prompt (More Time Wednesday)
           
5. Major Works III Data Sheet work time (Wednesday)
 Why it’s
important to
argue logically
and avoid
fallacies…
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=RGsQES_OdrQ&fbclid=IwAR0ggo7ntCJH_9nJisb6nxW48BUpN
pUmX3J6DjLt4IriX_XPUia1zZfq8Zc
Sharing Common Fallacy
Slides…(go to live PP)
A REVIEW OF THE ABIGAIL
ADAM’S RHETORICAL
ANALYSIS PROMPT…
Rhet Situation (SPACE) from the prompt A more nuanced understanding of the rhet situation
only (SPACE)

What you should

have discovered
when reading
the letter:
•See how word choice
can be analyzed in terms
of parts of the rhetorical
situation (in this case,
writer, audience and
purpose)
What can you say
about the word
choice in blue
when considering
the writer,
audience, and
purpose.
PRACITCE WITH COMMENTARY IN A. ADAM’S
PROMPT
1. Go to this week’s folder in Schoology
2. Find “Practicing Commentary with Abigail Adams Prompt”
3. Follow the directions to practice weaving commentary between
examples.
4. Turn in by the end of the week.
5. Then, go to your essay, read the feedback, review score and rubric,
and begin revisions. (ESSAY IN WEEK of FEB 1 Folder)
6. More time Wednesday will be given for revisions and conferences.
7. REMEMBER TO HIGHLIGHT OR NOTE ANY REVISIONS MADE!!
8. If you haven’t looked at your College Compare/Contrast essay
feedback-take time to do that. Time to conference and revisions are
the same.
LOOK AT YOUR SCORE AND FEEDBACK, REVIEW THE
RUBRIC, AND DECIDE WHERE REVISIONS NEED TO BE
MADE.

6=20
5=19, 18 Pd1 Average:
13.9
4=17, 16 Pd3 Average:
14.5
3=15, 14
2=13, 12, 11
1=10

MarcoAPLANGScoringRubricsQ1-2-3Finalv2.pdf (marcolearning.
com)
DID NOT USE ANY SLIDES AFTER THIS ONE
 PROVERBS AND APHORISMS
FROM BENJAMIN
Qualifiers are words
like “some” or “many”
FRANKLIN'S POOR
or “most” or “often” RICHARD'S ALMANAC.
example qualifying
thesis etc that
differentiate a fact or
claim from concepts A. Plough deep while sluggards sleep and
such as “all” or you shall have corn to sell and to keep.
“always”. Don't claim  
you disagree
example qualifying B. Have you something to do tomorrow?
thesis and then give Do it today.
examples that prove
the assertion is true.

1. Pick aphorism A or B.
2. Paraphrase the aphorism.
3. Then, defend, challenge, or qualify
with the aphorism and give some
reasoning (avoiding fallacies) for
your position.
4. Submit response to the discussion
board in this week’s Schoology
folder (Week of Feb 22).
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO QUALIFY AN
ARGUMENT?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=mvqsTMPgeas&fbclid=IwAR1qQ-
vOeUBowXoBUe6JE1kPSUqoiVpb3HkkWi89N3lzra_voGspMctP
AbI
 Gale - Product Login

Remember, password for Gale Literature

Resource Center is:
oriole

Go to NHS Library Website, then Online

Databases, Then Gale Lit Resource Center
and enter the password above.

Use the rest of class time to work on the

first page of the data sheet.

https://galeapps.gale.com/apps/auth?
userGroupName=owin94235&origURL=https%3A%2F
%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fstart.do%3Fp%3DLitRC%26u
%3Dowin94235&prodId=LitRC
ARGUMENTATION NOTES FROM THE
SUNDANCE READER PAGES 572-578

1. Read through the rest of the 2. Submit notes for a process

PowerPoint to complete the grade in this week’s Schoology
student notes for folder when you finish. This
argumentation. should be done before our next
meeting.
 WHAT IS ARGUMENTATION?
 
We are constantly encountering people trying to persuade us to buy products and services, accept
political judgments, change our behavior, vote for a candidate. As students you will have to write
persuasively to influence your readers. When you graduate you will need to write a resume and persuasive
cover letter. In your career you will have to motivate employees, justify expenses, influence clients, and
suggest reforms to local politicians.
 
Arguments are assertions designed to convince readers to accept an idea, adopt a solution, or change
their way of thinking. Writers use reason and facts to support their arguments, often disproving or disputing
conflicting theories or alternative proposals in the process.
The ways writers present evidence depends on their discipline or profession. Each field has specific
methods and standards of presenting evidence and stating arguments.

Persuasion -- the attempt to influence readers. views and opinions -- is perhaps the most important writing
you will attempt in freshman English. Sales representatives persuade, lawyers persuade, executives
persuade. The ability to state an argument, influence others, and explain a point of view is critical in almost
every business and profession. In developing a persuasion paper, consider your audience carefully,
anticipating possible objections and addressing them in your paper.
Consider which of the three appeals – logic/logos,
emotion/pathos, ethics/credibility/ethos -- will be most
effective.
 

Logic(logos) -- supports a point of view or proposed action through reasoned arguments and a presentation
of evidence.
Test results - findings established by experiments or standard research methods
Statistics - data represented by numbers and percentages
Expert testimony - opinions or statements made by respected authorities
Eyewitness testimony - statements by those who experiences or witnessed events
Surveys - measurements of public opinion or sample audiences
Others: facts, interviews, trial transcripts, expert analysis of evidence
 

Advantages: provides evidence needed for major decisions, especially group decisions.
Disadvantages: can be boring and require a high degree of attention on part of the reader.
 
Emotion/Pathos -- which uses images, sensations, or shock
appeals to lead people to react in a desired way. Emotional
appeals call on people's deeply felt needs and desires.
• Creativity - the desire for recognition by self-expression
• Achievement – the need to attain money, fame, or fulfillment
• Independence - the drive to be unique, to stand out, to be
individual
• Conformity - the desire to be part of a group, to be included
• Endurance - to achieve satisfaction by bearing burdens others
couldn't survive
• Fear - to resist, avoid, or defeat threats to the self of society,
e.g. cancer, crime

A television commercial featuring suffering children accompanied

by an 800-number might persuade viewers to make donations.
Advantages: often produces immediate results
Disadvantages: has limited impact, can backfire, provides limited
factual support for readers to share with others.
Ethics/Credibility/Ethos -- which rests on appealing to shared values to motivate and
influence people. Ethics might call on reasoning but do not rest wholly on logical analysis of
data. Like emotional appeals, ethics reflect deeply held convictions rather than personal
motivations.
A football coach might persuade players to see themselves as role models to children and not
drink or swear in public.
Religion - the desire to follow the rules and behavior espoused by one's faith,
such as to be a "good Christian" or "practicing Jew"
Patriotism - urge to place one's country before personal needs. Ask not what...
Standards - the desire to be a good parents, citizen... to express the higher ideas
Humanitarianism - a secular appeal to help others, save the environment, the weak...

Ethical appeals form the basis of many sermons, editorials, political speeches

Advantages: can be very powerful because often the writer is addressing an audience who
agrees with his or her values.
Disadvantages: depends on readers sharing the values of the writer. An appeal by a Muslim
cleric may have little effect on Catholics or Buddhists.
To be effective, writers often use
more than a single appeal.

Essays frequently mix factual

support with emotional appeal
based on human interest.
An article on homeless children
might use the narrative of a single
homeless boy to attract attention
then provide statistics to illustrate
the severity of the problem and
outline possible solutions.
ADDRESSING READER OBJECTIONS/APPEALING TO HOSTILE READERS
Perhaps most challenging is attempting to persuade a hostile audience, people you anticipate have negative attitudes
toward you, the organization you might represent, or the ideas you will advocate. Although no technique will magically
convert opponents into supporters, you can overcome a measure of hostility and influence those who may still be
undecided with a few approaches:

openly admit differences -- instead of attempting to pretend there is no conflict, openly state that your view may differ
from your readers. This honest admission can win a measure of respect.
responsibly summarize the opposing viewpoints -- by fairly restating your opponents. views, you force your readers to
agree with you and demonstrate your fairness.
avoid making judgmental statements -- do not label your reader' s ideas with negative language. Use neutral terms to
make distinctions. If you label your ideas as being intelligent and your readers' as being naive, you will have difficulty
getting people to accept your points because in the process they will have to accept your insults as being valid.
point to shared values, experiences, problems -- build common bridges with your audience by demonstrating past
cooperation.
ask your readers to keep an open mind -- don' t demand or expect to convert readers. But almost everyone will agree to
try to open minded and receptive to new ideas.
work to overcome negative stereotypes -- play the devil's advocate and determine what negative stereotypes your
audience may have about you and your ideas. Then work to include examples, references, evidence in your presentation to
counter these negative impressions.
SELECTING TOPICS FOR PERSUASION
Effective persuasion depends on selecting workable topics.
In general avoid topics like gun control, abortion, and capital punishment -- unless you can develop a new
angle.
Avoid repeating arguments you have heard on television or read about in newspapers or magazines.
censorship of the Internet
why readers should monitor their cholesterol
taxing Internet commerce mandatory car insurance
why America should/should not restrict immigration why America should/should not pay its UN
sex education dues
why consumers should protect their computer files school choice
need for stalking laws why NATO should/should not intervene in
why America should/should not have national health internal conflicts school prayer
television violence insurance political campaign reform
drunk driving laws why smokers should/should not be able to
why Americans should donate organs sue
welfare reform legalizing marijuana
why companies should provide employee daycare tobacco companies
 
 
REVIEW YOUR PAPER FOR LAPSES IN CRITICAL THINKING

Read your paper carefully to determine if you maintained critical thinking.

Look for evidence of logical fallacies or weaknesses:

*Absolute statements . Although it is important to convince readers by making a strong impression,

avoid making absolute claims that can be dismissed with a single exception, e.g. "All lawyers are
honest." A qualified claim can make a strong impression and leave room for exceptions. "The legal
profession is known for its high standards of ethical conduct.“

*Ad hominem (attacking the person) - attacking the people who advocate them. The merits of the
issue and not the personalities have to be discussed in order to construct a convincing argument. The
only people who oppose gun control are paranoid Nazis and uzi-toting drug dealers.

*Basing arguments on personalities - presuming that readers will be impressed by citing

endorsements by famous people. The fact that a celebrity or single expert supports your argument is
not convincing evidence. Don't attack the personality of opposing authorities or reject an idea
because someone controversial supports it. National health care, for example, were tenets of both
Nazism and Communism.
 Common Fallacies Continued…
*Begging the question . Do not assume what has to be proved.
You cannot argue that The outmoded computer systems must be
replaced until you prove that the system is indeed outdated. Or
Nancy is lying because she never tells the truth.

*Borrowed authority - assuming that an authority in one field

can be accepted as an authority in another. "President Clinton is
convinced Dallas will win by ten points." Celebrity
endorsements are common examples of borrowed authority.
Striesand & Clinton.

*False Analogy - Comparison form weak arguments. Although

they may useful to illustrate an idea, they rarely provide
convincing evidence. The fact that an educational policy works
in Japan does not mean it will work in the United States. The
fact that Prohibition failed to curb alcohol consumption does not
mean that crack should be legalized. Crack cocaine should be
legalized since Prohibition didn't work.
 Common Fallacies Continued…
*False dilemma - overdramatizing your case by offering readers
only two alternatives, such as stating . We must approve school
choice or see an entire generation of children condemned to
illiteracy.. Most readers will immediately recognize the
weakness of such an unrealistic argument

*Hasty generalizations . Make sure that any conclusions are

based on sufficient evidence and not coincidence or simple
circumstance. The fact that you spot a fellow student walking
into a liquor store on Monday, leaving a bar on Tuesday, and
buying a six pack on Wednesday does not prove that the person
has a drinking problem or even drinks alcohol at all.

*Non sequitur - (it does not follow) - assertions based on

irrelevant evidence. "Bill Smith was a great football coach -
he'll make a great mayor."
 Common Fallacies Continued…
*False dilemma - overdramatizing your case by offering readers
only two alternatives, such as stating . We must approve school
choice or see an entire generation of children condemned to
illiteracy.. Most readers will immediately recognize the
weakness of such an unrealistic argument

*Hasty generalizations . Make sure that any conclusions are

based on sufficient evidence and not coincidence or simple
circumstance. The fact that you spot a fellow student walking
into a liquor store on Monday, leaving a bar on Tuesday, and
buying a six pack on Wednesday does not prove that the person
has a drinking problem or even drinks alcohol at all.

*Non sequitur - (it does not follow) - assertions based on

irrelevant evidence. "Bill Smith was a great football coach -
he'll make a great mayor."

*Red Herring - dodging the real issue by drawing attention to

something controversial. "How can you endorse the budge
proposal of a congressman indicted for taking bribes.
GETTING STARTED - CONSIDER YOUR PERSONAL EXPERIENCE

Rather than select a political or social controversy, review your personal experience.
Have you had dealings with a college, employer, customer, neighbor, or government agency that
revealed a problem or called for action?
You may wish to argue for better daycare, a centralized financial aid office on campus, better
security at a local mall, or more computers in the college library.
These topics will force you conduct individual research rather than relying on items you have
read in the press or seen on television.
* Avoid topics that are so emotionally charged that you cannot be objective.
•. DO NOT MISTAKE PROPAGANDA FOR
ARGUMENT Effective argument is based on
reason. Don. t assume you can convince readers
by hurling accusations, statistics, and quotes
taken out of context. Avoid insulting remarks. *
Read your paper aloud or use peer review to
examine your argument for unsupported claims
or inappropriate statements.

•LIMIT THE SCOPE OF YOUR ARGUMENT A short

paper may not allow you to fully address all
aspects of a complex subject. You may make your
task easier by clearly defining the scope of your
paper: Apex Engineering should provide basic
daycare for full time employees working first shift
on weekdays. People who began smoking after
cigarette packages and advertising were required
to post the Surgeon General. s warning against
smoking should not be allowed to sue tobacco
companies for smoking-related illnesses.

•CONSIDER YOUR READERS Address the needs,

biases, and knowledge base of your readers.
Consider their likely attitudes toward your
argument and the type of evidence they will need
to accept your point of view.
STATE YOUR THESIS CLEARLY Argumentation requires a clearly worded thesis. Although your
thesis may change as you work on your paper, a clear working thesis gives your first draft focus.

STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING ARGUMENTATION USE MORE THAN ONE APPEAL

Because each appeal has advantages and disadvantages, it is better to use more than one. Blend
logical, ethical, and emotional appeals in your essay.

USE MODES SUCH AS NARRATION, COMPARISON, DIVISION AND CLASSIFICATION,

OR CAUSE AND EFFECT TO ORGANIZE IDEAS You can compare pro and con statements
using comparison and contrast or use narration to relate a case or incident.

PLACE YOUR STRONGEST POINTS AT THE BEGINNING OR ENDING Remember that

reader attention is strongest at the beginning and end of a paper. Do not place your most important
arguments or evidence in the middle of the essay where readers may overlook it.
ARGUMENT AND PERSUASION CHECKLIST
REVIEW THESE POINTS
1. Is your message clearly defined?
2. Does your paper meet reader needs? Do you
provide the support they need to accept your thesis?
3. Do you support your views with adequate
evidence?
4. Do you anticipate reader objections and
alternative points of view?
5. Do you balance the strengths and weaknesses of
logical, ethical & emotional appeals?
6. Do you avoid overstated, sentimental, or
propagandist appeals?
7. Do you avoid preaching to the "choir"? Will only
those who already agree , agree?
8. Do you make it easy for undecided readers to
accept your position without feeling manipulated or
patronized?
9. HAVE YOU TESTED YOUR ARGUMENT WITH
PEER REVIEW?