Research Problem

NAMRATA TIWARI-12
NISHANT KUMAR-06
 What is Research Problem
2

A research problem refers to some difficulty which a

researcher experiences in the context of either a
theoretical or practical situation and wants to obtain
a solution for the same.
In research process, research problem is the first and
foremost step.
It can either be a real life situation or it may also
refers to a set of opportunities.
 Types of Research Problem
3

There are two types of Research Problem:

Problems which relates to states of nature

 Eg – Status of working children in any Metropolitan city in
2012.
Problems which relates to relationship between
variables
 Eg – Lack of chemical fertilizer in the main cause of low
production of grain food.
 Components of Research Problem
4

An individual or a group or an organisation that has

some difficulty or problem
Some objective to be attained
Alternative means for attaining the objectives
Some doubt in the mind of a researcher with regard
to the selection of alternatives
Some environment(s) to which the difficulty pertains
 Selecting Research Problem
5

Subject which is overdone shall not be chosen.

Controversial subject should not become the choice of an
average researcher.
Too narrow or too vague problems should be avoided.
Subject selected for research should be familiar and
feasible.
Few factors to be considered are importance of the
subject, the costs involved, the time factor, the
qualifications and the training of a researcher
Selection of a problem must be preceded by a preliminary
study in case of new problems.
 Technique Involved In Defining A Problem
6

Techniques involved are:

Statement of the problem in a general way
Understanding the nature of the problem
Surveying the available literature
Developing the ideas through discussions
Rephrasing the research problem into a working
proposition.
Research Design
7
 What is Research Design
8

It is an important step after defining the research

problem.
Research design helps in deciding upon the issues
regarding what, where, when, how much and by
what means, an inquiry or a research study
constitute.
Research design refers to the plan, structure, and
strategy of research--the blueprint that will guide
the research process.
 Parts of Research Design
9

The sampling design

 methods of selecting items to be observed
The observational design
 conditions under which the observations are to be made
The statistical design
 how many items are to be observed
 how the information and data gathered to be analysed
The operational design
 Deals with the procedures specified
 Need for Research Design
10

It makes research as efficient as possible by yielding

maximal information with minimal expenditure of
efforts, time and money.

Research design stands for advance planning of

methods to be adopted for collecting the relevant
data and the techniques to be used in their analysis.
 Highlights of Research Design
11

Nature of the study

Purpose of the study
Location where the study be conducted
Nature of data required
Where the required data be available
What time period the study would cover
Type of sample design to be chosen
Techniques of data collection would be used
Methods of data analysis to be adopted
Style in which the report would be prepared
 Features of Good Research Design
12

Flexible
Appropriate
Efficient
Economical
Minimises biasness
Maximises the reliability of the data
Smallest experimental error
Yield maximal information
 Effective Research Design
13

 Guiding principle for effective control in a research design

is:

 The MAXMINCON Principle

 MAXimize Systematic Variance

 MINimize Error Variance
 CONtrol Variance
 Types of Research Design
14

Exploratory Research Design

Conclusive Research Design
 Descriptive Research design
 Experimental Research Design
Hypothesis-testing research Design
Causal Research Design
 Exploratory Research
15

Also termed as formulative research studies

This research studies the subject about which either
their is no information or very little information is
available.
The major emphasis in such studies is on the
discovery of ideas and insights.
 Purpose of Exploratory Research
16

Formulate a problem for more precise investigation

Establishing priorities for further research
Gathering information about the practical problems
Increasing analyst’s familiarity with the problem
Clarifying the concepts
 Exploratory Research Methods
17

Experience Survey
 Technique in which individuals who are knowledgeable about a
particular research problem are surveyed.
Secondary Data Analysis
Case Studies
Pilot Studies
Focus Group Interviews
 Unstructured free flowing interview with a small group of
people.
 Types of Research Design
18

Conclusive Research
This research provides the information that is useful in
reaching conclusions or decision making.

Two Types
 Descriptive Research
 It is concerned with determining frequency with which something
occurs or how two variable vary together.
 Experimental Research
 It is a process in which one or more variables are manipulated under
conditions which allow the collection of data which show the effects.
 Types of Research Design
19

Causal Research
This types of research is concerned with finding
cause and effect relationship.
 Concepts related to Research Design
20

Dependent and Independent Variables

Extraneous variable
Control
Confounded Relationship
Thank You

21