PRESENTATION

ON

TRANSLATION
OVERVIEW
• Synthesis of protein according to the base sequence of mRNA
• Importance of protein
• Required materials for the translation
• Stages of translation
• Initiation : Raihan
• Elongation: Nabil
• Termination: Tashfia
Required materials for Translation
• mRNA
• tRNA
• Ribosome
• Amino acids
• Translation factors:
i. Initiating Factors
ii. Elongation Factors
iii. Termination or
Release Factors
STAGES OF TRANSLATION
• Activation of Amino Acid
• Initiation
• Elongation
• Termination
INITIATION
tRNA
INITIATION
CHARGING
INITIATION
COMPLEX
FORMATION
tRNA CHARGING
2 STAGES:
i. Adenylation of amino acid
ii. Transfer of Anedylated amino acid to the tRNA
• Amino acid binds to the ACC sequence of tRNA
• Aminooacyl tRNA carries out the two stages
30s Initiation Complex
• 3 different sites
• Initiation factors: IF3, IF2, IF1
• IF3 binds with E site
• IF2 and IF1 binds with A site
• mRNA binds with the 30s subunit
• 30s subunit contain Shine Dalgarno
Sequence
• mRNA has complementary sequence
to them
• P site free
• tRNA with f-Met binds to the P site
• IF3 is released as tRNA binds
70s Initiation Complex
• 50s subunit has E, P and A site as well.
• Also have translation factors binding sites
• Binding of 50s subunit, releases the IF2 and IF1
INITIATION OF TRANSLATION IN
EUKARYOTES
Stages:
- Formation of 43s
preinitiation complex
-Attachment of mRNA
-Scanning for the start codon
-Assembly of the large subunit
ELONGATION
 ELONGATION
• At the start of elongation, the mRNA is bound to the complete two subunit
ribosome,
– with the initiating tRNA in the P site,
– and the A site free for binding to the next tRNA.
• The ribosome moves along the mRNA in a 5’ to 3’ direction, in a step-wise
process, recognizing each subsequent codon.
• The peptidyl transferase enzyme then catalyzes the formation of a
peptide bond between
– the free N terminal of the amino acid at the A site,
– and the Carboxyl end of the amino acid at the P site, which is actually
connected to the tRNA.
• This disconnects the tRNA fMet from the amino acid, and the tRNA at the
A
site now carries two amino acids,
– with a free N terminal and the Carboxyl terminal of the second aa
connected to its tRNA.
 Chain Elongation:
Translocation
• During translocation the peptidyl-tRNA remains attached to its codon,
but is transferred from the ribosomal A site to the P site by an unknown
mechanism.
• The vacant A site now contains a new codon, and an aminoacyl-tRNA
with the correct anticodon can enter and bind.
• The process repeats until a stop codon is reached. Elongation and
translocation are similar in eukaryotes, except for differences in number
and type of elongation factors and the exact sequence of events.
• In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, simultaneous translation occurs.
– New ribosomes may initiate as soon as the
previous ribosome has moved away from the initiation site, creating a
polyribosome (polysome).
– An average mRNA might have 8–10 ribosomes attached at a given
moment
TERMINATION
TERMINATION OF TRANSLATION
• Triggered by entry of a stop codon (UAA,
UGA or UAG).
• Release factors allow termination by
recognizing the stop codon
• Most codons are recognized by " charged "
tRNA.
• mRNA stop codon indicates no additional
amino acid.
• Termination codon gives signal for the third
and the last stage of protein synthesis.
TERMINATION IN PROKARYOTES
• Mediated by three prokaryotic
release factors : RF1,RF2,RF3
• Following GTP hydrolysis the
RF3-GDP will dissociate from
protein.
• Leading behind RF1in what is
known as the post
termination complex.
TERMINATION OF EUKARYOTES
• Involves two eukaryotic release
factors : eRF1 and eRF3.
• Activity of eRF1 is stimulated by
eRF3.
• GTP binding protein binds to
ribosomes having a stop codon in A-
site.
• Ribosome bound complex stimulates
the cleavage of ester bond between
peptide and peptidyl tRNA.
POST TERMINATION COMPLEX
• Essentially primes the
ribosome for ribosomal
recycling.
• Ribosome recycling is
responsible for disassembly
of post-termination
ribosomal complex.
• All transitional compounds
get free for additional
rounds of translation.
REFERENCES
• Fundamental molecular biology – Lizabeth A. Allison.PDF
• Snustad principles of Genetics. PDf
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rb9EEK4JZ1w&t=440s
• http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/chtrna.htm
 ANY
THANK YOU
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