Cahaya selari

Parallel light

Titik Fokus
Focal point
Paksi utama F
Principal axis

f
Panjang Fokus
Focal point

Sinar cahaya selari ditumpukan ke titik fokus.

The parallel light rays is converged to a focal point
 Cahaya selari
Parallel light

Titik Fokus, F
Focal point F Paksi utama
Principal axis

Sinar cahaya selari dicapahkan seolah-olah datang dari titik F di depan kanta.
The parallel light rays is diverged as they come from a point F in front of the lens.
Titik focus / Focal Point, F
Titik di mana semua cahaya selari
ditumpukan selepas dibiaskan.
A point where all parallel lights are O
converged after refraction.
Panjang fokus, Focal length, f
Jarak antara pusat kanta, O dengan
titik fokus.
Distance between the optical centre, O
with focal point, F.
Jaral objek, Object distance, u Jaral imej, image distance, v
Jarak antara pusat kanta, O dengan Jarak antara pusat kanta, O dengan
objek. imej.
Distance between the optical centre, O Distance between the optical centre,
with object. O with image.
 Imej tajam
atas skrin
Sharp image
on the screen

Kanta cembung
Convex lens
 10.0 cm 1/0.1 = 10 D
Nyata, songsang, kecil
1/0.2 = 5 D Real, inverted, diminished
20. 0 cm
10 cm

Sinar cahaya selari

The parallel light rays
Semakin tebal kanta, semakin pendek f.
The thicker the lens, the shorter f.
Kanta nipis
Thin lens Kanta tebal
Thick lens
1/panjang focus / 1/f
1/focal length

Berkadar songsang
Inversely proportional

Berkadar terus / semakin tebal kanta, semakin tinggi kuasa kanta

Directly proportional/ the thicker the lens, the greater the power of lens
1/0.5 = 2
1/7 = 0.14

1/0.05 = - 20

1/30 = - 0.033
 F O

Selari dengan paksi utama

O F Parallel to principal axis

Menumpu ke titik focus, F

Converge to point F
Bergerak lurus O
Straight line
Selari dengan paksi utama, Cahaya melalui pusat kanta
menumpu ke titik focus, F bergerak lurus tanpa dibiaskan.
Parallel with principal axis Light pass through optical centre
will converge to point F will go straight without refracted
 Images Formed by Lenses
Construction rules for image formed by Convex Lens
 Images Formed by Lenses
Construction rules for image formed by Convex Lens

The point of intersection is the position

of the image.
The images formed by a convex lens
depend on the object distance, u.
 O F
F O
Dibiaskan selari dengan paksi utama
Refracted parallel to principle axis
Mencapah seolah-olah datang dari titik F
Diverge as it comes from point F

F O
Bergerak lurus tanpa bengkok
Go straight without bending
Construction rules for image formed by Concave Lens

The point of intersection is the position of the

image.
The images formed by a concave lens are
always virtual, upright and diminished.
 Ciri-ciri imej dibentuk oleh kanta cembung
Characteristic of image formed by a convex lens

Characteristics of image:

- Real / Nyata

- Inverted / songsang

- Diminished / kecil
F
- Position of image:
2F F At F (v = f)

Object at infinity (u =  )
 Ciri-ciri imej dibentuk oleh kanta cembung
Characteristic of image formed by a convex lens
Object beyond 2F (u > 2f)

Characteristics of image:

- Real / Nyata

- Inverted / Songsang
F 2F

- Diminished / kecil
2F F

- Position of image:
Between F and 2F ( f < v < 2f)
 Ciri-ciri imej dibentuk oleh kanta cembung
Characteristic of image formed by a convex lens
Object at 2F (u = 2f)

Ciri-ciri Imej / Characteristics of image:

- Real / Nyata
2F
2F F - Inverted / Songsang
F

- same size as the object (m=1) / sama saiz

Position of image: At 2F ( v = 2f)

 Ciri-ciri imej dibentuk oleh kanta cembung
Characteristic of image formed by a convex lens
Object between F and 2F (f < u < 2f)

Ciri-ciri Imej / Characteristics of image:

- Real / Nyata

- Inverted / songsang
2F F F 2F

- Magnified (m > 1) / besar

Position of image: Image beyond 2 F ( v > 2f)

 Ciri-ciri imej dibentuk oleh kanta cembung
Characteristic of image formed by a convex lens

Object at F (u = f ) Ciri-ciri Imej / Characteristics of image:

- Cannot be determined
Position of image:
Image at infinity.

F F
 Ciri-ciri imej dibentuk oleh kanta cembung
Characteristic of image formed by a convex lens

Object Between F and C ( u < f )

Ciri-ciri imej / Characteristics of image:

- Virtual / maya
- Upright / tegak
- Magnified / besar
Imej di sebelah sama dengan objek
F C F Image on the same side of the object.
Nyata, Songsang, Kecil
Real, inverted, diminished RID
Nyata, Songsang, Kecil
Real, inverted, diminished RID
Nyata, Songsang, Sama
Real, inverted, same RIS
Nyata, Songsang, Besar
Real, inverted, Magnified RIM
Imej di infiniti
Image at infiniti VUM
Maya, tegak, besar
Virtual, upright, magnified VUM
u > 2f, u = 2f, f < u < 2f
u>f

u = f, u < f
Untuk imej nyata / For real image:
apabila u bertambah, v akan berkurang dan
imej semakin kecil
when u increases, v will decreases and the
image becomes smaller.
u berkadar songsang dengan v
u is inversely proportional to v
u berkadar songsang dengan saiz imej.
u is inversely proportional to (size of image)
 Ciri-ciri imej dibentuk oleh kanta cekung
Characteristic of image formed by a concave lens

Object beyond 2F (u > 2f)

Ciri-ciri imej / Characteristics of image:

- Virtual / maya

- Upright / tegak

2F F F - Diminished / kecil

Imej di bahagian yang sama dengan objek

Image on the same side of the object.
 Ciri-ciri imej dibentuk oleh kanta cekung
Characteristic of image formed by a concave lens

Object between F and C ( u < f )

Ciri-ciri imej / Characteristics of image:

- Virtual / maya

- Upright / tegak

- Diminished / kecil

Imej berada di sebelah sama dengan objek.

Image on the same side of the object.
 Ciri-ciri imej dibentuk oleh kanta cekung
Characteristic of image formed by a concave lens

Bagi sebarang kedudukan, u, ciri-ciri imej

sentiasa maya, tegak dan kecil.
For any positions, u, the characteristics of
image is always upright, virtual and small
Imej maya bagi kanta cembung dan kanta cekung
Virtual image for Convex lens and Concave lens

Imej: maya, tegak, besar

Image: virtual, upright
magnified

Imej: maya, tegak, kecil

Image: virtual, upright
and diminished
Nyata, Songsang, Kecil
Real, inverted, diminished RID
Nyata, Songsang, Kecil
Real, inverted, diminished RID
Nyata, Songsang, Kecil
Real, inverted, diminished RID
Nyata, Songsang, Kecil
Real, inverted, diminished RID
Nyata, Songsang, Sama
Real, inverted, same RIS
Nyata, Songsang, Besar
Real, inverted, Magnified RIM
12.5 0.029 0.080
13.0 0.033 0.077
15.0 0.040 0.067
17.0 0.050 0.059

21.5 0.067 0.047

 1/v /cm-1
0.10
0.09
0.10 cm -1
0.08 x
x
0.07 x

0.06 x
m = - [0.10 – 0.045] 0.05
0.07 – 0.0 x

= - 0.8 0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
1/u /cm-1
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
c = 0.1 = 1/10 = 1/f di mana f = 10.0 cm

y = mx + c c = 1/f m = -1
1/v = (-1)(1/u) + 1/f
1/f = 1/u + 1/v

Berkadar songsang
Inversely proportional
 Nyata, songsang, besar
Real, inverted and magnified

1/20 = 1/30 + 1/v

v = 60 cm

m = 60/30 = 2
1/20 = 1/10 + 1/v
v = - 20 cm

m = 20/10 = 2

maya, tegak, besar

virtual, upright, magnified
 maya, tegak, kecil
virtual, upright and diminished

(-)1/20 = 1/30 + 1/v

v = - 12 cm

m = 12/30 =
membesarkan imej
Enlarge the image
1 kanta cembung
1 convex lens

u<f

maya, tegak, besar

Virtual, upright, magnified
 Kanta Pembesar
Magnifying Glass

Image

object
fo fo
melihat objek seni
To see small object
2 kanta cembung
2 convex lenses
fo < f e

fO < u < 2fO

nyata, songsang, besar u < fe

Real, inverted,
magnified maya, tegak, besar
Virtual, upright , magnified
 Mikroskop / Microscope
Kanta mata
eyepiece lens
Kanta objektif
Objective lens

fo < fe

fo fe
Kedudukan objek / position of object: fo < u1 < 2fo Imej pertama: nyata,
Kanta objektif songsang, besar
Objective lens The first image: real,
inverted, magnified.
Object

2fo f fo
o

Image/
object 2
 Magnifying Glass/ Simple Microscope
Object is located at u < f

Image object
fo fo
The image formed is
virtual, upright and
magnified.
Imej 1: nyata,
songsang, besar Kanta objektif Kanta mata
Image 1: real, Objective lens eyepiece lens
inverted, magnified.

Object Mark fe
(u2 < fe)

2fo f fo fe fe
o
objek: fo < u1 < 2fo
Imej 1 = objek 2
objek 2

Imej akhir
final image
 nyata, songsang, kecil
melihat objek jauh Real, inverted,
To see distant object diminished
2 kanta cembung
2 convex lens u = fe
fo > fe maya, terbalik, besar
Virtual, inverted,
Infiniti /jauh / distant
magnified at ∞
sinar selari
Parallel rays fO + fe

titik fokus fO fO
Focal point fO fe
 Teleskop Astronomi
Astronimical Telescope
Kanta mata
Eyepiece lens
Kanta objektif
Objective lens

fo > fe

fo fe
Objek: infinity 1st imej di fO
Sinar selari Kanta objektif
Objective lens Nyata, songsang, kecil
parallel rays Real, inverted diminished.

fo fo
 The first image now becomes the object for
the eyepiece lens.

Objective lens eyepiece lens

fe
fo fe
fo

The eyepiece lens is adjusted so that the first

image is situated at the focal point of the
eyepiece lens, F .
Objek: infinity Pelarasan normal
Sinar selari normal adjustment.fO + fe
parallel rays Kanta objektif Kanta mata
Objective lens eyepiece lens
fo fe
fe
u2 = fe fo fe
fo
1st imej di fO
Nyata, songsang, kecil
Real, inverted diminished.
Imej akhir di infinity
Untuk pelarasan normal, jarak antara kanta
objektif dan kanta mata:fo + fe.
For normal adjustment of the telescope, the
separation between the two lenses is fo + fe.
Pembesaran teleskop:
fo
The magnification of the telescope: m =
fe

Kanta objektif / The objective lens:

- Diameter besar supaya lebih cahaya masuk dan imej lebih cerah
- have bigger diameter so that more light can enter to get a brighter
image.
- Pembesaran besar supaya imej besar
- Large magnification so that it will produce bigger image.