ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

EE-103
 INTRODUCTION OF INSTRUCTOR

LT. ZAIN UL HASSAN PN

 Qualification:
MS Electrical Engineering:
COMSATS University Islamabad - 2018
BE Electrical Engineering:
Army Public College of Management and Sciences Rawalpindi - 2012
 TEXT BOOKS

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Electric Circuits Fundamentals, Sergio Franco, OUP
2. Electrical Power Technology 6th Edition by Theodore Wildi.
Prentice Hall
3. Electric Machinery Fundamentals 4th Edition, Pby S. Chapman
Mcgraw
4. Electric Circuits Basic Electricity By Schaum’s Series.
 COURSE OBJECTIVES & OUTCOMES

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
• To introduce fundamentals of electrical engineering.
• Develop knowledge and skills in electrical engineering for problem
solving
COURSE OUTCOMES:
After completing this course the students will be able to:
• Describe basic electrical properties and circuits
• Solve AC and DC RLC circuits using network theorems and laws
 Measurement

• To understand any phenomenon we have to perform

experiments
• Experiments require measurements and we measure several
physical properties like length, mass, time, temperature,
pressure etc
• Experimental verification of laws and theories also needs
measurement of physical properties
 Physical Quantity

• A physical property that can be measured and described by a number is

called physical quantity

Examples

• Mass of person is 65 kg

• Length of table is 3m

• Area of hall is 100m2

• Temperature of room is 300 K

 Types of Physical Quantities
1. Fundamental Quantities
The physical quantities which do not depend on other
physical quantities for their measurements
Examples
• Mass
• Length
• Time
• Temperature
 Types of Physical Quantities
2. Derived Quantities
The physical quantities which depend on one or more
fundamental quantities for their measurements
Examples
• Area
• Volume
• Force
• Speed
 Units for Measurement

• The standard used for the measurement of a physical quantity is

called a unit

Examples

• Metre, foot, inch for length

• Kilogram, pound for mass

• Second, minute, hour for time

• Fahrenheit, kelvin for temperature

 CGS System of Units

• This system was introduced in France

• It is also known as Gaussian system of units

• It is based on centimetre, gram and second as the fundamental

units of length, mass and time
 MKS System of Units

• This system was also introduced in France

• Also known as French system of units

• Based on meter, kilogram and second as the fundamental units

of length, mass and time
 FPS System of Units

• This system was introduced in Britain

• Also known as British system of units

• Based on foot, pound and second as the fundamental units of

length, mass and time
 International System of Units (SI)

• In 1971, General Conference on Weight and Measures held its

meeting and decided a system of units for international usage

• This system is called international system of units and

abbreviated as SI

• SI consist of seven fundamental units and two supplementary

units
SI Base units
 Definition of SI Units
Metre: The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in a
vacuum during a time interval of 1/29,97,92,458 of a second

Second: One second is the duration taken for 9,192,631,770

periods of a type of vibrational motion which occurs in
caesium133 atoms at rest and at a temperature of 0K
 Definition of SI Units
Kilogram: The kilogram is equal to the mass
of the international prototype of the kilogram
(platinum-iridium alloy cylinder) kept at
international Bureau of Weights and
Measures at Sevres in France
 Definition of SI Units
Ampere: The ampere is that constant current which if maintained in
two straight parallel conductors of infinite length of negligible circular
cross section and placed one metre apart in vacuum would produce
between these conductors a force equal to 2x10-7 newton per metre
of length
Kelvin: The kelvin is fraction of 1/ 273.16 of the thermodynamic
temperature of triple point of water.
Candela: The candela is luminous intensity in a given direction of a
source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540x1012
hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt
per steradian
 Definition of SI Units

Mole: The mole is amount of substance of a system which

contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012
kilogram of carbon 12
Radian: A radian is equal to the angle between two radii (radii is
just the plural of radius) in a circle when the length of the arc
between them at the circumference is equal to the length of the
radius
Steradian: A steradian is the angle of a conic section of a sphere
that has and angle of 1 radian at the apex and encloses an area
on the surface of the sphere equal to the radius squared
 Electric Charge
• The quantity of electricity that flows in a given time or is held in a
component such as a capacitor
• Charge is measured in coulomb and represented by the letter ‘Q’
• Charges may be positive or negative
• Like charges (e.g., + and +) repel each other, unlike charges (+
and -) attract each other
• One coulomb is equal to the amount of charge of 6.25X10 18
electrons or protons stored in a dielectric
 Voltage
• Voltage measures the difference in electrical energy between
two points of a circuit
• Energy per unit charge expended in moving a charge from one
place to another
• Voltage is measured in volts and represented by the letter ‘V’
v = dw/dq
where w = energy (in Joules), q = charge (in Coulombs)
• 1 volt is a measure of the amount of work required to move 1C of
charge
 Voltage

• Water = Charge
Pressure = Voltage
Flow = Current
• The water in the tank represents
electric charge. The more water in
there, the more the charge. Voltage
is like pressure. The more the water,
the higher the pressure (voltage) at
the end of the pipe
 Voltage
• There is voltage at point A, but no
current, because the tap is closed
and the water is NOT flowing.
This means there can be voltage
without current
• At point B, the tap is opened and
water flows. At this point, there is
both voltage and current because
there is a flow
 Voltage
• If we open the tap to drain some water out, the pressure will reduce
(lower voltage)
• Just as a pump can be used to force water through a pipe, we can use
an external source of power (electromotive force) such as a battery to
push free electrons in conductors to flow from place to place along a
path
 Resistance
• Resistance can be understood in two ways
• In terms of electron flow, it is the difficulty
that electrons face as they flow inside a
conductor (wire). A thin wire means that
the electrons have little space to flow, and
they bump into each other, therefore the
flow is not smooth enough. Here, we say
there is more resistance. In a thicker wire,
there is more space for the electrons to
move. There is less bumping into each
other and therefore there is less
resistance.
 Resistance
• In terms of resistors in an electrical circuit, it is anything that
gets in the way of the electricity
• Examples include bulbs, lamps, buzzers and so on
• These resistors use up some of the electricity. Without them,
there could be a short circuit
 Law of resistance
• The resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to the
length of conductor
• Greater the length of conductor greater will be the resistance
• Resistance of conductor is inversely proportional to the cross
sectional area of the conductor
• Resistance depends upon type of material
• Resistance of conductor depends upon the temperature of the
material
 Law of resistance
• 

From equation 1 and equation 2

Where is called rho. It is a constant and is known as resistivity or

specific resistance of a material.
 Current
• Current is the rate at which an electric charge flows in a
conductor
• Number of electrons passing a given point in a second
• The more electrons in motion the greater the current
• Electrical current is measured in amperes and represented by ‘I’
i = dq/dt
where q = charge (in Coulombs), t = time (in seconds)
Current
 Ohm’s Law
•  Current flowing in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied
potential difference and inversely proportional to the resistance
of the circuit
• Ohm law can be expressed in a mathematical form

V= voltage expressed in volts

I= Current expressed in amps
R= Resistance expressed in ohms
 Ohm’s Law
•  The formula can be manipulated so that if any two quantities
are known the third can be calculated:

OR
 Ohm’s Law
Problem 01
Resistance of an electric iron is 50 Ω. 4.2A current flows through
the resistance. Find the voltage between two points.

Problem 02
If 0.6A current flows through a resistor. Voltage of two points of
resistor is 12V. What is the resistance of the resistor?
 Power
• Power is how much work is done over time
P = w/t
• The unit of electrical power is watt and it is represented by ‘W’
• One watt of power is equal to the work done in one second by
one volt moving one coulomb of charge
• Power in watts = volts x amperes
Power
•P=VxI
• P = I2 x R
• P = V2 / R