ELEX REVIEWER

Basic Electricity
 Electricity
• A phenomenon
• Stationary or moving electrically charge particles
• Electrons and ions.

• Static Electricity
• Current Electricity
Introduction to atomic structure
 Atom
• Smallest particle of an element
• Carries all of the characteristics of an element
 Subatomic Particles
• Electron – Negatively Charged (-) Cons. 03 Mass
• Proton – Positively Charged (+) Cons. 01 Mass
• Neutron – Neutral Cons. 02 Mass
 Nucleus
• Atom part gives the element identity
• Proton
• Neutron
 Atomic Number
• Number of protons in an atom
 Atomic mass
• Mp = 1836x Me
• Sum of protons and neutrons in an atom
 Isotopes
• Same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
 Shells
• Orbitals rings electron resides
• Shells respond to a fix energy level.
• Farther shell more energy in electron to release.
• Each shell has a max number of electron.
 Maximum electrons per shell
• e=

• e – electrons
• n – shell number
 Valence
• Number of electrons on the outermost shell.
• Valence shell - outermost shell
• Valence Electrons – electrons in the outermost shell.
• Determinant whether the material is conductor, insulator or
semiconductor
Bhor’s Atomic Model
 Ionization
• Process in atoms lose or gain electrons.
• Anions – Gain Electrons / More Negative / Negative ions
• Cations – Lose Electrons / More Positive / Positive ions
• Overall Charge of an Atom.
Classification of Material
 Conductor
• < 4 Valence electrons
• Allows electrical current to flow easily
• Electrons can move freely from atom to atom.
• More Free electrons
• Hierarchy of conductors
• Silver – best conductor
• Copper – cheap
• Gold – Anti-corrosion
• Aluminum - Lightweight
 Insulator (Dielectric)
• > 4 Valence Electrons.
• Does not allow electrical current
• Electrons tend to stay in their own orbit.
• Less or no free electrons
• Can still conduct if a valence electron can be removed by high energy (Dielectric
Breakdown)
 Semiconductor
• = 4 Valence electrons.
• Have electrical characteristics of insulator and conductor.
Energy Bands
 Valence Band
• Occupied by the Valence shell and Valence Electron.
• Highest energy level before the conduction band.
• Electrons may jump to the conduction band when excited.
 Conduction Band
• Electrons have higher energy level in this band compared to those in the
valence band.
 Energy Gap
• Energy difference between valence band and conduction band
• Electron Volt (eV)
• Conductors = 0 eV
• Insulators > 5eV
• Semiconductors ≈ 1eV
 Forbidden Band
• Region in an atom where no electron exists.
• Between two allowed bands, such as between valence and conduction
bands.
• The width of the forbidden band is the energy gap.
Energy Band Diagram
Electrostatics
 Electrostatics
• Study of forces of attractions or repulsions between electric charges
that are not moving.
 Nature of Charged Bodies
• 1 electron charge = (-) 1.602 x C, Cons 32 (-)
• 1 proton charge = (+) 1.602 x C, Cons 32

• Like CHARGES repel

• Unlike CHARGES attract
 Electric Fields
• Space between and around charged bodies in which their influence is
felt.
• Electrostatic field
• Dielectric field
 Electric lines of forces
• These are lines used to visually represent vector nature of an
electrostatic field.
 Coulomb’s First Law of Electrostatics
• Size of the force of attraction or repulsion between two charges is
directly proportional to the value of each charge.
 Coulomb’s Second Law of Electrostatics
• Size of the force varies inversely as the square of the distance between
two charges.
Coulomb’s Law of Electrostatics
• F = Force of Attraction or repulsion Newton
• = Charge of body 1 in Coulombs
• = Charge of body 2 in Coulombs
• d = distance between charges Meters
• k = Coulomb’s law Constant
• = permittivity of the medium between the charges
F/m
 Permittivity
• Ability of insulators to offer resistance to the formation of electric
field.
• Ability of material to store electric energy.
• F/m
 Permittivity of free space

• Standard
• Cons 32
• F/m
 Relative Permittivity

• Unitless
Electrical Parameter
 Electrical Potential
• Ability of charged body to do work of moving another charge body
(electrons) by either attraction or repulsion.
• Volts
 Electromotive force
• Electrical force that moves the charge particles such as electrons
• Volts
 Potential Difference
• Difference of electrical potential between two points in an electrical
circuit.
• Volts
 Volts
• Unit of potential difference
• 1 Volt = 1 Joule of work moving 1 Coulomb of Charge

𝐸
• V = voltage / Volts / V
• E = Energy / Joules / J

𝑉=
• Q = Charge / Coulombs / C
 Electric Current
• Potential difference between two charges forces a third charge to
move.
• Moving charge is an electric current.
• Any directional movement of charge bodies
• Amperes
 Amperes
• 1 ampere = 1 Coulomb (C) of charge flowing at a given point in one
second (1s) of time.

𝑄
• I = Current / Amperes / A
• t = Time / seconds / s

𝐼=
• Q = Charge / Coulombs / C
 Resistance
• Property of a material to oppose or limit the flow of current or charge.
• Depends on several conditions
• Dimension
• Temperature
 Resistance due to Dimension

𝑙 • R = resistance / Ohms

𝑅=
• L = length of wire / meters
• A = cross sectional area /
𝜌 • = Resistivity / ohm - meter
 Resistance Due to Temperature
• - • = Final Resistance / Ohms
• = Initial Resistance / Ohms
• + = • = temperature coefficient /
• - = • = Final Temperature /
• 0 = • = Initial Temperature /
Magnetism
 Magnetism
• Property of device or material to attract bodies of iron and other
magnetic material or magnets.
 Magnetic Field
• Space surrounding a magnet where magnetic forces act.
 Magnetic lines of Force
• Lines that are used to represent the force existing in the area
surrounding a magnet.
 Magnetic Poles
• Exists a great concentration of force at each end of the magnet and a
very weak force at the center.
Law of Magnetic poles
Magnetic Properties of Materials
 Permeability
• Ability of a magnetic material / conductors to concentrate Magnetic
Flux.
• H/m
• Inverse equivalent of resistance
 Permeability of free space
• H/m
• Cons 33
 Relative Permeability

•
• unitless
 Diamagnetism
• Substance property that decreases the magnetic flux density by
causing the magnetic flux lines to diverge

• <1
 Paramagnetism
• Attracts and repels like normal magnets when subjected to a magnetic
field.

• >1
 Ferromagnetism

• Causes the magnetic lines of flux to bunch closer

together than they would in the medium of air or a
vacuum.
• 1
Electromagnetism
 Electromagnets

• Type of magnets where its magnetic field intensity is

directly proportional to the current flowing through
a coil with number of turns
 Magnetomotive Force
• Magnetic pressure or force that tends to drive the magnetic flux in a
magnetic circuit.
• Force is produced due to the applied electric current in the coil of N
turns.
• MMF = Magnetomotive Force
𝑴𝑴𝑭 = 𝑰𝑵 • I = current in Amperes
• N = number of turns
 Magnetic Field Intensity (H)
• Force per unit length at any given point in a magnetic circuit.

• H = Magnetic Field Intensity

𝑴𝑴𝑭 • MMF = Magnetomotive Force
𝑯= • l = coil length
𝒍
 Magnetic Flux (Ф)
• Total Magnetic lines of force flowing from north to south.
 Magnetic flux density (B)
• Number of magnetic lines of force per unit area of a section
perpendicular to the direction of flux
 Faraday’s Law of
Electromagnetic Induction
 Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction
• Voltage induced by magnetic flux cutting the turns of a coil depends on
the number of turns and how fast the flux moves across the conductor.
 Faraday’s First Law
• EMF is induced if a conductor cuts magnetic flux
 Faraday’s Second Law
• Magnitude of the induced EMF is proportional to the relative rate of change of
flux.

𝒅∅ • = induced EMF / V
𝑽 𝒊𝒏𝒅 =𝑵
𝒅𝒕 • = number of coil turns
• = flux rate of change / Wb/s
 Lenz Law
• Direction of an induced current must be such that its own magnetic
field will oppose the action that produced the induced current.
• Determines the polarity of the induced Voltage in Faraday’s law.
Formulas
Maximum electrons per shell Volts
e=
Coulomb’s Law of Electrostatics Amperes

Resistances
Relative Permittivity
Resistance Due to Temperature
-
 Relative Permeability

Magnetomotive Force

Magnetic Field Intensity

Faraday’s Second Law