Gec 210: Engineering Mathematics: Part 6: Complex Numbers

GEC 210 : ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS
OLABODE SANMI
Department of Petroleum Engineering,
PART 6: COMPLEX
Covenant University, Ota
Nigeria
NUMBERS.
PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS
COURSE CONTENT.
1. Real and Imaginary parts of a complex number
2. The complex plane.
3. Terminology and Notation.
4. Complex Algebra
5. De’Moivre’s Theorem
6. Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers.
7. Euler’s Formula
8. Elementary Functions of a Complex Variable.
RECOMMENDED TEXTS
1. MODERN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS FOURTH EDITION BY GYLN
JAMES
2. ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS BY STROUD K.A
3. ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHS BY KRESZIG
INTRODUCTION
Consider the two graphed equations below.
yx 2
x2 y  x2  x  2
y y
6 10
2
y=x -x-2 y = x2 - x + 2
4 8
6
2
4
0 x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 2
-2
0 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
The roots of the first (left) are x = 2 and x2 = -1 these roots are on the x-intercept
and are real roots for the equation y  x  x  2
•
 b  b 2  4ac
x 2a
1 7 7  1 7  0.5  1.323  1
x 2
 12  2
 12  2
 1
j -1 would not yieldxareal

 1  of
But the square root 0.5 number;
j 1.323 and
this radical
xwe denote
0.5  j 1.as
323 as the complex
and the roots of the equation
numbers .
Complex Number Definition

Hence, the variable z denoted by an expression of the form
z  xj y
is a complex variable. x is called the real part of z, written as “Re z = x”; y is
called the imaginary part of z written as “Im z = y.”
E.g. the following shows a complex number:

z  0.5  j 1.323
  
complex real part imaginary part
number Re z Im z
With complex numbers every polynomials have a root.
03/11/2021 COVENANT UNIVERSITY GEC 210 6
• Powers of j
Since j   1 let us consider some powers of j
1
j  j 1 j3  j2  j  1  j   j
2
j   1   1  1 j5  j4  j1  1  j  j
j  j
4
  2 2
   1  1
2
Hence, powers of j repeats itself at every blocks of four such that

jn  4  jn
E.g. j  j 27
   j   j  j
4 6
 163
24 107 3. j17 .
Exercise: Evaluate 1 . j ; 2 . j ;
Addition and subtraction of complex numbers

To compute the addition or subtraction of complex numbers
just collect like terms.
Example 1: Evaluate z = z1+z2 given;
z1  2  j4 ; z 2  5  j2
Solution: to evaluate z=z1+z2 collect like terms
z    2  5  j 4  2   z  3  j6
Example 2: Evaluate z = z1-z2 given;
z1  6  j8 ; z 2  3  j2
Solution: for z=z1-z2 also collect like terms
z   6  3  j 8    2    z  3  j10
• Multiplication of complex numbers
Multiply complex numbers like binomials (you can use

FOIL“first, outer, inner, last.”)
Example 3: Evaluate z = z1×z2 given;
z1  2  j3 ; z2  5  j
z    2  j3  5  j
Solution: the product
 z  2  5  j2  j 3  5   j2 3 now j2  1  
 z  10  j  2  15   3  13  j13
Example 4: Compute the product z   8  j6   3  j2 
Solution: z   8  3   j 8  2   j 6  3   j2  6  2 
 24  j  16  18   12  36  j2
• classwork
1. Simplify  i  j2 ;  ii  j9 ;  iii  j60;  iv  j31;
2. Compute:
 i   2 - j7    4  j3  ;  ii   3  j2   3  j2 ;
 iii   4  j3   4  j3 ;  iv   5  j4   3  j2   4  j3  .
3. Express in the form a + j b :
i  2 - j7   4  j3 
 ii   3  j2  3  j2
 iii   4  j3  4  j3
 iv   5  j4   3  j2   4  j3 
• Complex conjugates
Thus far our multiplication of complex numbers have produced complex numbers:
  2  j 3 5  j  13  j13; and  8  j 6  3  j 2  36  j 4 .

However evaluating   2  j 3    2  j 3  we have;
  2  j 2  3  j 3  2  j  3  4  9  13
2 2 2
Also evaluating  8  j 6   8  j 6  we have;

 8  j 8  6  j 6  8  j  6  64  36  100
2 2 2
Both instances of multiplication yield real number results. Hence we refer to

  2  j 3 as the conjugate of   2  j 3
and  8  j 6 as the conjugate of  8  j 6 
• Complex conjugates cont’d

Thus for a complex number a + jb the conjugate is given as a - jb
Also, the product of two complex conjugates always produce a real number
given by
 a  j b   a  j b  a 2  b2
Hence, the product
 4  j 6   4  j 6  4 2  6 2  52
Also;
 2  j 5  2  j 5  2 2
 5 2
 29
Exercise: Multiply these with conjugate

 i   3  j2  ;  ii   5  j 3 ;  iii   1  j  ;  iv   u  jv  .
• Division of complex numbers.

To divide a complex number by a real number use distributive law of
division; e.g.
6 j8 j8
2
 6
2
 2
 3  j4
However, to divide one complex number by another complex number multiply
both the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator
(or divisor). This converts the divisor to a real number!
8  j6
Example 5: Simplify 3  j2
8  j6 8  j6 3  j2  8  j6  3  j2
Solution:
3  j2
 3 j2  3 j2 
32  22
24 j 34 12 34  0.923  j2.615
 13
 12
13
 j 13
• Division of complex numbers: class work

Simplify
5  j3 9  j3
1. 2  j5
5. 5 j4
5  j3 7  j4
2. 5  j3
6. 6  j3
5  j3 10  j9
3. 5  j3
7. 7  j8
 5  j3 2
4.
 3  j2 2

• Polar forms of complex numbers

Given a complex number z = x + jy this can be graphically represented (in polar
form) as
Y
0z is the vector of z = x + jy;
10
8
z r = length of vector
 = angle with 0X
6
j r y
4
02 θ r2  x2  y2  r  x2  y2
0 x
0 2 4 x 6 8 10
y 1 y
and tan      tan x x
also x  r cos  and y  r sin θ
z  x  jy  z  r cos   jr sin θ  r  cos   j sin θ 
• Polar forms of complex numbers

Thus to express a complex number z = x + jy in polar form do the
following
1. Do a quick sketch (helpful to know quadrant)
10
Y
8
z
2. Evaluate
6
j r y
4
2
r x2  y2
θ x
00
0
x 6
2 84 10
1 y Mind the quadrant!
3. Compute   tan x
4. Assemble z  x  jy  z  r  cos   j sin θ 
is the required polar form of the complex number.
• Polar forms of complex numbers cont’d
z  r  cos   j sin θ  is called the polar form of the

complex number
z = x + jy
r is called the modulus of the
complex number z or “mod z” or
simply |z|
 is called the argument of the

complex number z or “arg z”; 
may be in radian or degree
Example 6: Express z = 4 + j3 in polar form


Solution: Given z  4  j3
1. Quick sketch (shows we are in 1st quadrant)
Y
3.5
3
z 2. Evaluate
2.5
j 2
r
1.5
1
3 r 42  32
0.5 θ 4 r 25  5
0 x
0 1 2 3 4 5
3. Compute   tan 1 43  36.87 1st quadrant!

4. Assemble z  4  j3  z  5 cos 36.87  j sin 36.87 
Note: to convert polar form to z = x + jy evaluate the cosine and sine
then multiply by value of r.

Example 7: Express z  4  j3 in polar form
Solution: Given z  4  j3
Y
2. Evaluate
1
-4
-x 0 X
  4 2    3 2
-5 -4 -3 -2 θ -1 0 1
-3
-1
r
r -2
-j
z -3
r 25  5
-4
-Y
3. 3rd quadrant    tan 1 3

4
 180  36.87  216.87
4. Assemble z  4  j3
 z  5 cos 216.87  j sin 216.87 
• Class work on Polar forms of complex numbers
Express in polar form
1. 5  j3
2. 8  j3
3. 3  j2
4. 5  j7
5.  2  j7
6.  5  j7
• Polar forms and negative angles
Polar form: z  r  cos   j sin  

When  is negative; z  r  cos      j sin     
Now, cos      cos 

and sin       sin 
 z  r  cos   j sin  
for negative angles
Uses: Negative angles are convenient when  is greater 1800; e.g.
z  r  cos 310  j sin 310   r  cos  50   j sin   50 
 z  r  cos 50  j sin 50 
• Polar complex operations

Let: z1  r1  cos 1  j sin 1 
z 2  r2  cos θ 2  j sin θ 2 
z 3  r3  cos θ 3  j sin θ 3 
Then the followings can be verified using basic complex operations and
trigonometric identities;
1. Multiplication
z1  z 2  r1r2  cos  1   2   j sin  1   2  
Also,

z1  z 2  z 3  r1 r2 r3 cos 1   2   3   j sin  1   2   3  
2. Division
z1 r1
  cos 1   2   j sin  1   2  
z 2 r2
• Polar complex operations cont’d
Example: If z1  15 cos 65  j sin 65 

z 2  2 cos 15  j sin 15 
1. Multiplying: z 3  5 cos 38  j sin 38 
z1  z 2  15  2 cos  65  15   j sin  65  15  
 30 cos 80  j sin 80 And
z1  z 2  z 3  150 cos 118   j sin 118 
2. From Division rule
  cos 65  15   j sin  65  15    7.5 cos 50  j sin 50
z1 15
z2 2
• Classwork
1. (a) Simplify by using negative angles
i . z  2.6 cos 345 j sin 345  ii . z  13 cos 285 j sin 285 
(b) Express in proper polar form of z  r  cos   j sin  
i. z  7 cos 20 j sin 20  ii . z  3 cos 5 j sin 5 
2. Given z1  17 cos 28 j sin 28  ; and z 2  4 cos 59 j sin 59 
(a) Express in the form z  r  cos  j sin  
i . z1 z 2 ; ii . zz1 ; iii . z2 ; iv . 1
z1
.
2 z 1
(b) Express in the form z  a  jb
i . z1 ; ii . z 2 ; iii . z1 z 2 ; iv . z1
.
03/11/2021 COVENANT UNIVERSITY GEC 210 z2 24
• Powers of complex numbers cont’d

From: z1  r1  cos 1  j sin 1 
 z1  2 z1  z1  r1r1  cos  θ1  θ1   j sin  θ1  θ1  
 r12  cos 2θ1  j sin 2θ1 
Similarly,
 z1   z1  z1  z1  r1  cos 31  j sin 31 
3 3
These lead to De Moivre’s Theorem which states that

z1
n
 
r n

1 cos n1  j sin n1 
Example: Using z1  15 cos 65  j sin 65 
 z1   154  cos 4  65  j sin  4  65 
4
  z1   50625 cos 260  j sin 260

4

• Roots of complex numbers.

1. General Roots: Let z  r  cos   j sin  
 
1
z  z 2  r cos 12    360k   j sin 12    360k 
1
2
k  0 ,1;   here is in degree 

 
1
3 cos 1    360k   j sin 1    360k 
1
3
z z 3  r 3 3
k  0 ,1 ,2;   also in degree 
 
1 1
n
 z n  r n cos 1    360k   j sin 1    360k 
z n n
k  0 ,1 ,2  n  1;      , use 2 k instead of 360k for  in rad 
By the above, a complex number therefore has;
2. square roots separated by 360 ; 3. cube roots separated by360 ;
2 3
360 .
n nth roots separated by n
• General roots cont’d

Example 2: Given
z  81 cos 20  j sin 20 
 
1 1
4
z z  4 81 4 cos 1  20 360k   j sin 1  20 360k 
4 4
k  0 ,1 ,2 ,3;  four roots
k  0;  4  
z  3 cos 14  20 3600   j sin 14  20 3600 
k  1 ;  4 z  3 cos 1  20 3601  j sin 1  20 3601 
4 4
k  2 ;  4 z  3 cos 1  20 3602   j sin 1  20 3602  
4 4
k  3 ;  4 z  3 cos 1  20 3603   j sin 1  20 3603  
4 4
the 4 4th roots are i. 3 cos 5 j sin 5  ; ii . 3 cos 95 j sin 95 ;
iii. 3 cos 185 j sin 185  ; iv. 3 cos 275 j sin 275  .
• 2. principal roots
This is the root whose vector (graphical representation of the polar form - §5.3) is
closest to the positive OX axis.
E.g. 1. z  81 cos 20 j sin 20 
Principal z  9 cos 10 j sin 10  ; @ k 0
E.g. 2. z  81 cos 20 j sin 20 

Principal 4 z  3 cos 5 j sin 5  ; @ k 0
E.g. 3. z  118.8 cos 276 jsin 276 

Principal 5 z  2.6 cos 345  j sin 345  ; @ k  4
It is always good to sketch the roots in the polar form as shown in §5.3 to
ascertain the principal root.
• Classwork
1. (a) Express in polar form: z1  3  j4; z 2  5  j2
(b) Hence, evaluate in the form z  r  cos  j sin  
4 z23
i. z ; ii . z 23 ; iii . z 4  z 3 ; iv . 4 .
1 1 2 z1
(c) Express in the form z  a  jb
4 3 4 3 z 23
i . z1 ; ii. z 2 ; iii . z1  z 2 ; iv. 4 .
z1
2. (a) Given z1  32 cos 65 j sin 55  z 2  625 cos 28 j sin 28 
Obtain all the values (roots) of i . 5 z1 ; ii . 4 z2 .
(b) Evaluate the principal value of
i . 3 7 cos 120 j sin 120  6 ii. 
64 cos 282  jsin 282 
Expansion cos n and sin n

1. From De Moivre’s theorem:
n
 cos  j sin    cos n  j sin n
From this we expand the left hand side as a binomial series after which we can
equate real parts (for cos n) and imaginary parts (for sin n).
Example: find the expansion for cos 2  and sin 2 
2
Solution: From  cos  j sin    cos 2  j sin 2
 cos   j 2 cos  sin     j sin   2  cos 2   j sin 2 
2
 
 cos 2   sin 2   j 2 cos  sin    cos 2   j sin 2 
2 2
Equating real parts  cos   sin   cos 2 
And equating Imaginary parts  2 cos  sin   sin 2 
Class Work 22: Find the expansion of
i . cos 3  ; ii . sin 5  ; iii . sin 4  ; iv . cos6  .
• Expansion cos n and sin n cont’d

Let z  cos   j sin 
1
then 1z  z  cos     j sin      cos   j sin 
Now, z  1  2 cos  and z  1z  j2 sin 
z
Also, by De Moivre’s Theorem;
zn
 cos n  j sin n
1  z  n  cos n  j sin n

zn n 1
From which z  n  2 cos n Take good note
z
of these
and z n  1n  j2 sin n
z
5
Example: expand sin 
• Expansion of cos n and sin n

5
Required: To expand sin 
Solution: from j2 sin   z  z   j2 sin    z  1z
1 5
  5
 j 2 sin   z  5 z  z  10 z  z 2  10 z  z13  5 z  z14  z15

1 1
5 5 5 5 4 3 2
1 1 1
 j32 sin   z  5 z
5 5 3
 10 z  10 z  5 3  5
z z
 5 1   3 

5
  z    5 z  13   10 z  1z 
j 32 sin
 5   z
5 
z 
 j32 sin   j2 sin 5  j10 sin 3  j20 sin 
5
 sin  
j2
 sin 5  5 sin 3  10 sin 
j 32
5
 sin  
1
 sin 5  5 sin 3  10 sin 
16
• Expansion of cos n and sin n cont’d

 
5 3
Application Example: Obtain sin x  cos x dx
Solution: Undergoing the process of the previous example, we will establish that
sin
5
x 
1

sin 5 x  5 sin 3 x  10 sin x 
 
16
Now, for cos x ; 2 cos x 

3
z 1   2 cos x  3  z  1 3
z z
3 3
 2 cos x  z  3 z   3 z  2
1
3
z z
1 2
 z
1
3
1 1
 8 cos x  z  3 z  3 z  z 3
3 3
3  3   1 
 1 
 8 cos x   z  3   3 z  z
 z   
 cos x   2 cos 3 x  6 cos x 
3 1
8
i .e . cos x   cos 3 x  3 cos x 
3 1
4
• Expansion of cos n and sin n cont’d

 
5 3
Hence, our integral sin x  cos x dx becomes
1
 16  sin 5 x  5 sin 3 x  10 sin x   1  cos 3 x  3 cos x   dx
4 
 16   sin 5 x  5 sin 3 x 10 sin x  dx  4   cos 3 x  3 cos x  dx

1 1
 161   sin 5 x  5sin 3 x  10sin x  dx  14   cos3 x  3cos x  dx

 16

1 cos 5 x 5 cos 3 x
5

3
1 sin 3 x
 10 cos x  4
3
 
 3 sin x  C 
Class Work 23
1. Expand:
2 7 5 3 7
i . cos  ; ii . sin  ; iii . cos  ; iv . sin  ; v . cos  .
2. Integrate:

i .  cos6 x  sin 4 x dx 
ii .  cos5 x  sin 7 x dx 

Gec 210: Engineering Mathematics: Part 6: Complex Numbers

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Gec 210: Engineering Mathematics: Part 6: Complex Numbers

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GEC 210 : ENGINEERING

j -1 would not yieldxareal

Complex Number Definition

E.g. the following shows a complex number:

Hence, powers of j repeats itself at every blocks of four such that

Addition and subtraction of complex numbers

• Multiplication of complex numbers

Multiply complex numbers like binomials (you can use

  2  j 3 5  j  13  j13; and  8  j 6  3  j 2  36  j 4 .

Also evaluating  8  j 6   8  j 6  we have;

Both instances of multiplication yield real number results. Hence we refer to

• Complex conjugates cont’d

Exercise: Multiply these with conjugate

• Division of complex numbers.

• Division of complex numbers: class work

03/11/2021 COVENANT UNIVERSITY GEC 210 14

• Polar forms of complex numbers

• Polar forms of complex numbers

• Polar forms of complex numbers cont’d

z  r  cos   j sin θ  is called the polar form of the

 is called the argument of the

Example 6: Express z = 4 + j3 in polar form

• Polar forms of complex numbers cont’d

3. Compute   tan 1 43  36.87 1st quadrant!

• Polar forms of complex numbers cont’d

3. 3rd quadrant    tan 1 3

• Class work on Polar forms of complex numbers

Express in polar form

• Polar forms and negative angles

Polar form: z  r  cos   j sin  

Now, cos      cos 

• Polar complex operations

• Polar complex operations cont’d

Example: If z1  15 cos 65  j sin 65 

• Powers of complex numbers cont’d

These lead to De Moivre’s Theorem which states that

  z1   50625 cos 260  j sin 260

03/11/2021 COVENANT UNIVERSITY GEC 210 25

• Roots of complex numbers.

k  0 ,1;   here is in degree 

• General roots cont’d

E.g. 2. z  81 cos 20 j sin 20 

E.g. 3. z  118.8 cos 276 jsin 276 

Expansion cos n and sin n

• Expansion cos n and sin n cont’d

• Expansion of cos n and sin n

 j 2 sin   z  5 z  z  10 z  z 2  10 z  z13  5 z  z14  z15

• Expansion of cos n and sin n cont’d

Now, for cos x ; 2 cos x 

• Expansion of cos n and sin n cont’d

 16   sin 5 x  5 sin 3 x 10 sin x  dx  4   cos 3 x  3 cos x  dx

 161   sin 5 x  5sin 3 x  10sin x  dx  14   cos3 x  3cos x  dx

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