Review for Test One

Primate Biology
Lemuroids (Strepsirhinis): Endangered due to
habitat destruction.
Ring tailed lemur: Terrestrial and
Mouse Lemur: Nocturnal and Solitary social. Female dominants
Lorisoids: All are nocturnal, most are solitary

African - bushbaby Asian - loris

Tarsier : Unusual because their
eyes are bigger than your brains.
They swivel their necks since they
can’t move their eyes in the
sockets
 *The picture shows
Marmosets.
*They are small gum eaters
that use vertical clinging , not a
lot of leaping.
*They have Claws on the end
of their digits
• They have a scoop on the
bottom incisors to gouge on
the bark; so they can be
better gum eaters.
• Predomianntly have twins,
and are male dominant
New World Monkey caretakers.
Squirrel Monkey

Very Insectivourous, very smart.

Capuchin
Easily trained so they ae
famous in entertainment.
They have pseudo-opposable
thumbs
 Owl Monkeys
Not the only nocturnal strepsorihin cuz
of the tarsiers
 Uakari Monkey

Seed Eaters so they

have massive incisors

This is red one, there a red, white and

black ones.
They live in flooded forests in the
Amazon.
Red Howler Monkey
 Spider Monkey

Larger New World Monkeys have a

grasping
Prehensile tail
Aboreal, ripe fruit eater ( like the Old
World chimpanzees, They both go on
raids)

Go into small fruit foraging parties

during the day.

This is a Major distintive characteristic

Capuchins can grab with their tails but
they lack the bare strip of under the
tip of the tail that the larger New
World Monkeys have

No strepsorhines and no apes in the

the Americas
Old World Monkey

Macaque Monkey

Live in Africa( Pine

Forest) But MOSTLY Asia

Used in biomedical
research

Have Cheek Pouches like

Baboons.
-Cheeks pouches are
found in monkeys that
have strict dominance
hierarchy
Baboons
These are found on the savannahs of
Africa; quite cooperative, African
equivalent of Macaques

3 Distinct Types:
Mandrals live in rainforest but they are
terrestrial

Gelada Baboons that live in Ethiopia

Hamadryas Baboons that Ethiopia, Saudi

Arabia, Yemen, and Somalia

These Old World Monkeys show more

sexual dimorphism that New World
which may have to do with them being
terrestrial; males are larger and have
larger canines
Guenon: Old World Monkey (Cercopithecus)

This is a Spot Nose

Guenon

Cheek Pouches: only

found in Baboons,
Guenons, and Macaques
Lots of Guenon
species: several are
terrestrial. Most are
aboreal ( live in
trees)
Vervet Monkey: Guenon
close relative

Unlike forest living Guenons, they

live in open countryside. They are
very well studied.
Colobines
The African Colobines are the Colobus Monkeys

They are Folivorous (eat leafy material)

Have sexual dimorphisms.

Terriotorial

Typically live in one male units

Those are same qualities of
the Asian Colobines which are
called Langers

They have a wide variety:

Golden Monkey, Proboscis
Monkey, Duke Langer

They are leaf eaters

All Old World Monkeys have

ischial callosities which are
the fatty sacks on the sides of
the face.

Colobines don’t have cheek

Pouches cuz they don’t have
competitions for food or
competitve society.
 Gibbon Monkeys
Sexually dichromatic but they
don’t show a difference in body
size.

They sing together as a

territorial defense

Very long arms, brachiate

through the trees ( meaning
they use their arms to swing
from tree branches)

The Black ones are Siamang

Gibbons. They are slightly more
fluorivous than the golden ones
and a little bit biggere.
 Orangutans

Fruit eaters

Solitary

Found in Asia: Borneo and Sanatra

Move using hands and feet in the

canopy so they are aboreal

Will go the ground if they need to andor

if they see durians on the ground. they
will fist walk. This is more common in
Borneo cuz the other place still has lots
of tigers.

Males are much larger than females

African Ape: Gorillas

Males are larger than females

More florivourous but the

Western ones in the Congo
Basin sometimes eat high fiber
fruits

Not territorial

Live in one male units ; and

poached which is similar to
Chimpanzees
 Chimpanzees

Chimpanzees and gorillas are sympatric:

have overalapping geographical range

They show less sexual dimorphisms than

gorillas and orangutans

Live in large, multi male, multi female

communities , territorial

Closest living relative

Sister species to Bonobos

 Bonobos

Found in Democratic Republic of Congo,

south of the Congo River

Not sympatric with chimpanzees and

gorillas.

Live in more peaceful societies

Smaller, Noticeable by their pink lips

Sexual behavior has been studied In

detail
Ecology: Equatorial
Rainforest

80% of Primates live in

them

Hot, wet: Primary and

Secondary Rainforest
-Ex of primary is the
flooded forest where the
Uakari monkeys live.

Most primates live in

tropical rainforests ( 80%)
Savanna=Open Countryside

More seasonal than the Rainforests

Tropical
Rainforests
are Stratified
into Different
Layers
Definitions of How Chimpanzees use their area
•Day range – distance traveled in a day

•Home range- mapping of total day ranges over an extended period,

say a year

•Core area- heavily used area

•Territory- sometimes home ranges will overlap. When they do not,

and the home range is vigorously defended we describe it as a
territory
Study of 5 Nocturnal Prosimians by French
Primatologist ( Pierre Charles Dominique) in a
primary rainforest in Gabon

Happened in the 1970s

Principle of Competitive Exclusion: Complete

competitors cannot coexist

They live at different levels in the canopy or feed

on different things

There is no complete competition

 Ecology: Diet and Predation

Open country organisms are more heavily

predated on than those in the forest

Figs are a favored fruit by many primates

The importance of the effect of size on the

diet
Effects of Size Smaller primates
are insectivorous
and they
supplement a large
carbohydrate diet
with fruits and
insects

Larger ones eat

fruits and leaves to
meet protein
requirements
Morphological Adaptations
Cercopithecines vs Colobines: Colobines have a larger complex stomach
where they ferment leaves break down cellulose in leaves

Leaf vs fruit eaters: Those that eat more fruits have low rounded molar
cusps.
Leaf eaters have well developed high shearing cusps on their molars

Lapilemur: Leaf eater but don’t have a complex stomach

Which is the same for..

Howler Monkey: Primarily leaf eater, have a larger long intestine and most of
fermentation occurs there ( not as efficient as the stomach)
Variation in food availability
• Seasonal availability
• Fruits are seasonal
• Seen a lot in the forests where the
Orangutans: Mass fruiting ( large % of
fruits are ripe at the same time = long
periods where fruits aren’t available so
sometimes they eat tree bark)
• Primates modify their day ranges to
include fruit trees
• Ranging patterns( more fruit available =
less range cuz they have to go to less
trees to get more fruit)
Tool use
• Chimpanzee termite fishing
• Tools used to get food
• Use hammer/anvils to open hard
seeds
• In Senegal in W. Africa in isolated
areas they use spears to hunt for
bushbabies during the day
( bushbabies sleep in tree holes
during the day)
• Longtail Macaques and Capuchins also
use tools
 Hunting

Baboons do cooperative hunting

Male Chimpanzees hunt down Red Colobous

monkeys in the forest of Africa
-Most efficient hunters

Will share food

Golden bamboo
lemur: Avoids
competition w/other Zanzibar Red Colobus: Eat charcoal
lemurs by eating
high-cyanide
bamboo
Medicinal Use of Plants
• Chimpanzee swallowing
medicinal leaves whole
• During the rainy season when
they have lots of parasites in
their GI tracts
• The leaves have hooked
underneath that pull off the
parasites from the GI tract
Barro Colorado Island Howler and Spider
Monkeys
Diet and Behavior of Two Howler monkey Spider monkey :
New World Monkeys : Brains are 2x bigger
1970s by Catherine Milton due to diet
Diet Mainly leaves 90% fruit, get proteins
- low in carbohydrates from leaves
- high in carbohydrates,
Activity Placid, communication Bright, mischievous, great
Diet is dominated by morning roar variety of vocalizations
Primary Ranging 30 Hectares 300 Hectares (conservative
influencing estimate)
factor in the
Evolution of Infant Care •In care of mother until 14 •Nursed and carried for
months two years
Primate • Independent offspring, •Slow to mature
Intelligence rely on group for support •Instructed by mother in
foraging and independence
Brain size 50 grams 107 grams