Class Mammalia

Presented by:
 Classification
• Kingdom: • Subphylum:

– Animalia – Vertebrates

• Phylum: • Class:

– Chordata – Mammalia
 Subclass
Prototheria
Theria
Infraclass
• Metatheria
• Eutheria
Characteristics:
• 1. Endothermic:
– Warm-blooded
• Can live in any climate
• Regulate internal
temperature
• VERY ACTIVE
• Able to perform
strenuous activities for
long periods of time.
• High metabolisms
• Require a lot of food
 Use hair/fur and a layer of subcutaneous fat to
conserve heat/ prevent heat lose.

Uses sweat glands, panting to cool down their

bodies.
 2. Hair/Fur:
– Insulation
– Camouflage
– Protection
– Waterproofing

Some animals use it to

attract mates:
3. Completely divided four
chambered heart.
– Has a complete septum
• Very efficient heart b/c clean & dirty
blood never mix
4. Milk production
- presence of mammary glands
Latin word mamma means “breast”
- which are modified sweat glands
– used by the female to feed young
– Known as teats
(provide milk from mammary
glands)
5.Single Jawbone
-the lower jawbone in a mammal is single
bone whereas in other vertebrates the
lower jaw is made up of 2 or more bones.
 6. Specialized Teeth
Teeth in mammals are modified for different functions

Back teeth in general are for: chewing, grinding,

crushing, slicing
Molars: grind, crush, or cut food
Pre-molars: shear, shred or grind food
• Front Teeth: in general are used for biting, cutting, seizing
prey

Canines: grip & puncture prey

Incisors: used to cut

7. Except a few, mammals possess seven
cervical (neck) vertebrae.
8. Respiration is by lungs.
9.12 pairs of cranial nerves are present.
10. Except egg laying mammals they are
viviparous
11. Mammals occur in all sorts of habitats.
They are dominant animals and are
capable to learn because of their better
developed brain.
 THREE SUBCLASSES

1). MONOTREMES : are primitive egg-laying

mammals.
2). MARSUPIALS: their young are born in an
extremely immature state.
3). PLACENTRAL MAMMALS: their young
are born at an advanced state.
MONOTREMES

- Are the most primitive mammals. These mammals

lay eggs, after the babies hatch, the mothers
nourish their young with milk. Today, monotremes
only live in Australia and New Guinea.
MARSUPIALS
- Are pouched mammals whose babies are born in a
very undeveloped state. The young attach
themselves to their mother. Many marsupials have
a pouch that encloses the young.
PLACENTAL MAMMALS

- Are advanced mammals whose young are born at

an advanced stage.
- Before birth the young are nourished through a
placenta. The placenta is attached to the mother’s
uterus and it delivers oxygen and nutrients to the
young.
- Most mammals are placental mammals
- There are almost 4,000 known species of placental
mammals.
- The most common: People, Cats, Dogs, and
Horses.
Orders of
Mammalia
 Monotremata - Platypus, Echidnas

Monotremes lay eggs and they have no

teeth! They are only found in Australia and
New Guinea. There are two species of
monotremes, the platypus and the echidnas
or spiny anteaters.
 Didelphimorphia - Opossums
• There are about 60 species of opossums
in this order. They are marsupials. Most of
them live in Central and South America,
but one, the Virginia opossum, lives in the
United States. Opossums have a
prehensile tail and some, but not all, have
a pouch. A prehensile tail can curl around
things and hold onto them.
 Diprotodontia - Wombats, Kangaroos,
Wallabies, Koalas

• There are over 100 different species of

diprotodontia. They are marsupials. The
second and third toes on their hind feet
are joined together. Animals in this order
include: wombats, kangaroos, wallabies
and koalas.
 Microbiotheria - Monito del Monte
• There is only one species in this order, the
Monito del Monte or little mountain monkey. The
Monito del Monte is a semi-arboreal South
American marsupial that scientists believe is
more closely related to Australasian marsupials
than it is to marsupials in the Americas. The
Monito del Monte is the size of a mouse. It has a
prehensile tail; brown fur; short, round ears and
black rings around its eyes.
 Notoryctemorphia - marsupial
moles
• This order includes the marsupial moles
that live in the deserts of western
Australia. There are two species in the
order - the southern marsupial mole and
the northern marsupial mole.
 Paucituberculata - Shrew
Opossums
• This order is made up of five species of
shrew opossum. These small, shrew-like
marsupials live in the Andes mountains in
South America. Shrew opossums are
about the size of a rat. They are mostly
carnivorous and eat insects, earthworms
and small vertebrates.
 Peramelemorphia - Bandicoots
• The animals in this order are bandicoots.
Bandicoots are marsupials. They have
small, compact bodies, pointed heads and
strong front claws. Their pouch opens from
the back. Bandicoots are found in
Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea.
There are about 22 species in this order.
Artiodactyla - Pigs, Hippos, Giraffes,
Camels, Moose, Goats, Bison, Deer
• There are over 150 species in this order.
They are herbivores and have an even
number of toes. Most of the artiodactyla
have four-chamber stomachs. They are
native to all of the continents except for
Australia and Antarctica. Species include:
pigs, hippos, giraffes, camels, sheep,
goats, bison, cows, moose, deer and
pronghorns.
 Carnivora - Dog Family, Cat Family,
Bears, Raccoons, Sea Lions, Seals
• Most carnivores are meat eaters. Their
jaws can only move vertically, or up and
down. Most carnivores have sharp side
teeth, or canines, that help them sever
meat. Animals in this order include: dog
family, cat family, bears, raccoons, sea
lions, seals, walruses, weasels, skunks,
otters, badgers, civets, mongooses and
hyenas. There are over 260 mammals in
this order.
 Cetacea - Whales, Dolphins, And
Porpoises
• Cetaceans have long torpedo-shaped
bodies and tails that end in flukes. They
have an air or blow hole on the top of their
head. Like most mammals, they give birth
to live young and feed them milk. There
are about 80 species in this order.
 Chiroptera - Bats
• There are over 900 species of bats on
earth. In fact, bats make up about 20
percent of all known living mammal
species. Bats are also the only mammal
that can fly. They are found in all parts of
the world, except for Antarctica and the
Arctic.
 Dermoptera - Flying Lemurs Or
Colugos
• This order has only one family with two
species in it. Flying lemurs are about the
size of a squirrel. They have skin flaps on
their arms and legs that let them glide.
Flying lemurs are found in southeast Asia.
 Hyracoidea - Hyraxes
• Hyraxes are about the size of rabbits.
They have short necks, round heads, and
short tails. They have three toes on their
hind feet and five on their fore feet. On the
first and third toe of their hind feet they
have hooves; the middle toe has a claw.

•
 Insectivora - Shrews, Moles,
Hedgehogs
• Most of the insectivores eat only insects.
There are over 350 species of
insectivores. They are usually very small
animals that use hearing and smell more
than sight to find prey. They are found all
over the world, except for Australia.
 Lagomorpha - Rabbits, Hares
And Pikas
• Lagomorphas typically have long ears,
short tails, and strong back legs. Pikas are
the exception. They have short ears and
no tail. Lagomorphs are herbivores and
have strong, sharp incisors that help them
clip plant parts and chew on bark.
 Macroscelidea - Elephant Shrews
• There are 28 species of elephant shrews.
They have long elephant-like snouts, long
hind legs, big ears and eyes, and long
tails. They are found in Africa. Their long
hind legs make them very good jumpers.
They used to be classified in the
Insectivora order, but scientists discovered
that they have a different structure.
Perissodactyla - Horses, Rhinos,
Tapirs, Zebras
• There are 15 species in this order. The
perissodactyla have hooves and an odd
number of toes on their hind feet. They are
herbivores.
 Pholidota - Pangolins (Spiny
Anteaters)
• There are seven species of pangolins in
the world. They eat ants and live in Asia
and Africa. They have very long tongues
and their bodies, except for their faces and
bellies, are covered in large scales.
Pangolins have no teeth.
 Primates - Lemurs, Monkeys,
Marmosets, Apes, Humans
• Most primates have opposable thumbs,
flat nails on their toes and fingers instead
of claws, large brains, and foward-facing
eyes in the front of their face.
 Proboscidea - Elephants
• Elephants are very large. They have large
ears and trunks. Males have tusks. They
are herbivores and can live for 60 or more
years.
 Rodentia - Squirrels, Chipmunks, Rats,
Mice, Voles, Beavers, Lemmings
• These are the rodents! They are small
animals that gnaw. They have long, sharp
incisors on both the lower and upper jaw.
Most rodents are herbivores. There are
over 2000 species of rodents. They make
up almost half of all the mammal species.
They are found in all parts of the world
except for Antarctica and New Zealand.
 INVERTEBRATES:
• Phylum Porifera
• Phylum Cnidaria
• Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Phylum Echinodermata
• Phylum Mollusca
• Phylum Nematoda
• Phylum Arthropoda
• Phylum Annelida
 Phylum Porifera
(sponges)
• Have no definite shape –
asymmetrical;
• No tissues or organs
• Colony of specialized cells
• Immobile
• Good powers of regeneration
• Skeleton of spongin and spicules
 CLASSES OF SPONGES

• Class Calcarea – has calcium carbonate

spicules
• Class Hexactinellida – glass sponges with
spicules of silica
• Class Demospongiae – no spicules, only
spongin
 Phylum Cnidaria
stinging-celled animals

• Jellyfishes, corals, anemones

• Radial symmetry
• Two tissue layers with inner mesoglea
• Primitive nerve net but no brain
• 2-way digestive tract
• Stinging cells for capturing food.
 CLASSES OF CNIDARIANS

• Class Hydrozoa – Hydra, Portuguese-

Man-of-War, mostly polyp or hydroid stage
• Class Scyphozoa – true jellyfishes; mostly
medusa stage
• Class Anthozoa – corals, anemones; they
are represented bybthe polyp fotm.
Medusa form is absent
• Class Cubozoa – box jellies
CLASS HYDROZOA

Hydra
CLASS SCYPHOZOA
CLASS ANTHOZOA
CLASS CUBOZOA
Phylum Platyhelminthes
flatworms
• First animals to exhibit bilateral
symmetry
• Have primitive brain
• 3 tissue layers
• Includes free-living flatworms and
parasitic flatworms (tapeworms, flukes)
 CLASSES OF FLATWORMS

• Class Turbellaria – free-living flatworms

• Class Cestoda – tapeworms

• Class Trematoda - flukes

 Tapeworm head (scolex)

Flatworm

Flatworm
 Phylum Echinodermata –
spiny-skinned animals
• includes sea stars, brittle stars, sea
urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers,
and crinoids
• reverted back to radial symmetry (radial
in adults / bilateral in larvae)
• tube feet and water vascular system
• Most exhibit pentamerism
 WHY ARE ECHINODERMS
RANKED SO HIGH?
• Clues from embryology – study of the
early development of animals
• Protostomes versus Deuterostomes
• Protostome – blastopore forms the mouth
in all animals except echinoderms and
chordates
• Deuterostomes – blastopore forms the
anus in echinoderms and chordates
CLASSES OF ECHINODERMS

• Class Asteroidea – sea stars

• Class Ophiuroidea – brittle stars, serpent
stars
• Class Echinoidea – sea urchins, sand
dollars
• Class Holothuroidea – sea cucumbers
• Class Crinoidea – sea lilies, feather stars
 Phylum Mollusca-
soft bodied animals
• includes snails, slugs, nudibranchs,
chitons, limpets, clams, oysters, squid,
octopus, nautilus, etc.
• Either have no shell, one shell, or two
shells
• Many have hard mouth parts (radula in
gastropods, beak in cephalopods).
 CLASSES OF MOLLUSCS
• Class Gastropoda – snails, slugs, conchs,
nudibranchs; have either no shell or one shell;
name means “stomach foot”
• Class Bivalvia – clams, oysters, mussels; have
two shells that hinge together
• Class Polyplacophora – chitons; snail-like with 8
embedded plates on its back
• Class Cephalopoda – squid, octopus, nautilus,
cuttlefish; name means “head foot”; well-
developed nervous system
Phylum Nematoda

• Bilateral symmetry
• Have protective cuticle
• Simple digestive system
• Parasitism and Crytobiosis
• No circulatory or respiratory tract
 CLASSES OF NEMATODA
1). ADENOHOREA (APHASMIDA)
-mainly free-living
-without phasmids
-amphids located posteriorly in the head region

2). SECERNENTEA (PHASMIDA)

-mostly terrestrial or prasitic
-with phasmids
-amphids located anteriorly in the head region and
opening on lateral lips
 Phylum Arthropoda –
joint-legged animals

• includes insects, crustaceans,

centipedes, millipedes, and arachnids
• exoskeleton made of chitin
• must shed shell to grow
 CLASSES OF ARTHROPODS

• Class Crustacea – shrimps, lobsters, crabs,

crawfishes
• Class Amphipoda – small; called scuds
• Class Isopoda – sea lice; some are parasitic
• Class Stomatopoda – mantis shrimps
• Class Pycnogonida – sea spiders
• Class Merostomata – horseshoe crabs
• Class Cirripedia - barnacles
 Phylum Annelida
segmented worms
• Earthworms, sandworms, leeches
• One-way digestive system
• Have well-developed digestive and
circulatory systems
 CLASSES OF ANNELIDS

• Class Oligochaeta – earthworms,

bloodworms; oligo- means “few” and
chaeta means a “bristle” or stout hair
• Class Polychaeta – many bristles and
parapodia (fleshly lobes to “walk” with
• Class Hirudinea – leeches (most are NOT
bloodsuckers)