Group 6​

The Vertebrates
 The
Vertebrates
Presentation title 2
 The Vertebrates
The presence of the backbone, is the common characteristic among
vertebrates. The backbone provides axial support and houses the spinal
cord. At the end of the spinal cord is the enlarged brain.
Most animals you see around you are vertebrates: birds, cats, dogs,
cows, lizards, frogs, and many more. Even bumans are vertebrates! Since
the vertebrate group is large and diverse, it can be subdivided into five
groups fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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Fishes
 Fishes

F
What are fishes?

• Fishes are vertebrates that live in water. They are cold-blooded animals,
which t temperature changes depending on the temperature of their
surroundings. They have a shape adapted for living and moving in
aquatic habitats. Their bodies are protected with The tail is used for
locomotion while fins are used for steering and maintaining balance
breathe through their gills. They mostly undergo external fertilization.
• Fishes have many smaller groups. There are the jawless fishes, which
include lamp hagfishes. Their mouths are equipped with sharp teeth
which enable them to cling and other fish. They feed on other fish,
sucking out their fluids and drawing out their internal
• Sharks, rays, and skates are cartilaginous fishes.

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 Mirjam Nilsson​

Fishes mirjam@contoso.com

www.contoso.com
“
Their skeleton is made of cartilage a of bones. They are mostly found in warm,
tropical seas. Sharks live in the open part of the and are considered the ultimate
hunters, while rays and skates live at the bottom of the are not as aggressive as
sharks. The largest group of fishes have bony skeletons. They are the most diverse
of the fish.
Most of the fishes you know belong to this group, such as milkfish (bangus), tilapia,
and sim.

”
Bony fishes live in almost every aquatic environment, saltwater and freshwater. They
a gas-filled sac, known as a swim bladder, which helps them maintain balance. Their
gills covered and protected with a flap called an operculum.
Amphibians
 Amphibians

A
The word Amphibia means "double lives" which refers to the
ability of the animals both land and water. Frogs, toads, and
salamanders are amphibians. They are also cold-blooded animals,
which means their temperature depends on the temperature of
their surroundings feed on insects, worms, and other animals.

In order to live in both land and water, amphibians have legs

instead of fins as well as for breathing air. Most amphibians also
have thin, soft, and slimy skin which is also breathing. The moist
surface of their skin enables them to absorb oxygen from the a of
the need to keep their skin moist, amphibians are usually found in
wet environment as ponds or swamps. In hot and dry days, they
may bury themselves in mud to preserve skin from drying up.

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 Summary
At Contoso, we believe in giving 110%. By using our next-generation
data architecture, we help organizations virtually manage agile
workflows. We thrive because of our market knowledge and great team
behind our product. As our CEO says, "Efficiencies will come from
proactively transforming how we do business."

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Reptiles
 Reptiles

R
What are reptiles?
• Reptiles are cold-blooded animals. They can also live in both water and
land, although they are more adapted and can live on land for long periods
of time. This is because they have developed lungs as well as body
structures that enable them to fully live on land. A reptile's body is covered
with dry skin and hard scales/These prevent the loss of water from the body
through evaporation. Their eggs have leathery shells which make them
adapted for developing on land.
• Snakes are reptiles without legs. Their long body is covered with scales.
They do not have ears and only "hear" by sensing vibrations on surfaces.
They can swallow preys that are larger than their mouths because their jaws
can stretch. Contrary to common belief, only a few snakes are poisonous.
However, they can still cause injuries with their fangs and flexible body.
• Lizards have scales like snakes, but they have legs. They can climb trees
and hold onto objects with their toes. The microscopic hairs on their feet
enable some of them to climb walls and walk on ceilings without falling.
• Turtles and tortoises are special reptiles because their soft body is covered
with a shell made of bones. Their backbone and ribs are attached to the shell
Some turtles have strong beaks that they use to capture food. They can also
live to more than a hundred years. 12
 Mirjam Nilsson​

Reptiles mirjam@contoso.com

www.contoso.com
Birds
 Birds

B
• Birds are warm-blooded animals. They are able to regulate their
body's temperature. They remain active in cold and warm climates.
They have a respiratory system that includes air sacs which give them
a unique mechanism for breathing
• Most birds can fly with a few exceptions such as emu, penguin, and
kiwi. Even chickens can fly short distances. This is because birds
have very light bodies which consists of hollow bones. They also
possess flight feathers, found in wings and tails, which are arranged
in a way that help carry and lift the bird up in the air. Different birds
have different body structures that help them adapt to their
environment Perching Birds: These birds have feet that are formed
in such a way that they can easily clasp a tree branch. Their beaks are
long, thin and strong enough to crack nuts or open tree.
• Wood pecker, sparrows, larks and crows are perching birds.

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 Birds

B
• Water Birds: These birds have long and flat beak and
webbed feet. They stay in water most of the time to get their
food. Examples are ducks, geese and swans.
• Most birds can fly like the parrot.
• Flightless Birds: These birds have small wings and a big
body so they cannot fly. Most flightless birds live in large
open spaces in the deserts and plains. An example is the
ostrich makes use of its long legs for running and kicking its
enemies. Emu is an example of a flightless bird.
• Birds of Prey: Eagles and hawks are birds of prey. They
have strong and curved beau tear their prey into pieces They
have talons or sharp claws to grasp and hold their prey

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 Mirjam Nilsson​

Birds mirjam@contoso.com

www.contoso.com
Mammals
 Mammals

M
What are mammals?
• The term "mammals" came from the Greek word mamma which
means "breast". They are only group of animals with mammary glands
which produce milk to nourish their young All mammals are warm
blooded. They are able to self regulate their internal temper Their bodies
are covered in fur or hair that serves as protection. They have more level
organ systems, too. Their heart has four chambers to efficiently circulate
blood, and a diaphragm assists their breathing Most mammals have two
sets of limbs used extensively movement and obtaining food. They also
grow two sets of teeth, the first set being milk which are then eventually
replaced by a second set called permanent teeth/
• For most mammals, the young develops inside the female's body. They
are born in a tim that resembles the parent such as the marsupials and
placental mammals. Placental mana are the most common type of
mammals. Their young develop inside their uterus, with a plant that
gives them nourishment After a certain time, they are born alive. On the
other h marsupials or pouched mammals keep their young in pouches as
they continue to level grow. While in the pouch, the young suck their
mother's milk for nourishment. Kangaroos koalas are marsupials.
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 Mammals

M
What are mammals?
• Some mammals give birth to their offspring by other
means, such as the monotremes. Monotremes such as
the spiny anteater and duck billed platypus are egg-
laying man They share more characteristics with
reptiles than mammals. Their mammary glands are not
as developed.
• Grand monkey are examples of mammals.
• Mammals come in different forms and sures, from
small rodents to large whales and elephants The
primates, such as monkeys, apes, and humans, are the
most advanced of mammals. Their levels of
intelligence come primarily from their larger brains

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 Mirjam Nilsson​

Mammals mirjam@contoso.com

www.contoso.com
Thank you for listening!
We hope you learn a lot!

- From Group 6

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