BIO102 - Systematics

AMMAL
M

S
Group 9
 Meet the Reporters!

Janah Remmy Jed Jetur

Introduction Distinguishing Evolutionary Mammalian

Features of History of
to Mammals Mammals Phylogeny
Mammals
INTRODUCTION
By: Ms. Janah Tama
Introduction to Mammals

The word "mammal" is modern, from the scientific name

Mammalia coined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, derived from the
Latin mamma. Mammals are vertebrates with hair, mammary
glands used to suckle young with milk, a diaphragm, three bones
in the middle ear, and a lower jaw made up of a single pair of
bones that articulates in a unique way with the skull.
 Echolocoation by Marine Mammal (Dolphin)

About Mammals
Mammals belong to the Phylum Chordata , Kingdom Animalia and
the class Mammalia; most of them are endothermic (warm
blooded) and have predominating eyesight. Mammals also possess
characteristics such as echolocation, stereoscopic vision, voluntary
breath control, and differential heart and respiratory rates
depending on activity levels and environmental conditions.
 Mammals are among the most adaptable animals
on the planet. They are found on every continent
and in every ocean, and range in size from tiny
bumblebee bats to enormous blue whales.

Blue Whale
World's Largest Mammal

Bumblebee Bat
World's Smallest Mammal
 Division of Mammals

Monotremes Marsupials Placentals

 Monotremes
Monotremes are mammals
that reproduce by laying
eggs. The only living
monotreme species are the
platypus and echidnas.
 Marsupials
Marsupials are the group of mammals
commonly thought of as pouched
mammals. They give live birth, but they
do not have long gestation times like
placental mammals. Instead, they give
birth very early and the young animal,
essentially a helpless embryo, climbs from
the mother's birth canal to the nipples.
 Placentals
Placental mammal, any member of
the mammalian group characterized
by the presence of a placenta, a
vascular organ that develops during
gestation, which facilitates exchange
of nutrients and wastes between the
blood of the mother and that of the
fetus.
Distinguishing
Features of
Mammals
By: Mr. Remmy Macabangin
Mammals are incredibly diverse creatures. They can be
found in practically every available habitat on the planet,
including deep seas and deserts. Mammals are distinguished
from other vertebrates by eight distinct traits, ranging from
hair to four-chambered hearts.
Hair and Fur

It can take many forms, including thick fur, long whiskers,

defensive quills, and even horns. Hair provides a multitude
of purposes, including insulation from the cold and skin
protection.

Camels use dense

fur to prevent Polar Bears use
solar heat from fur for insulation.
reaching its skin.
 Dolphins only have Most whales have their
hair when they are hair follicles where land-
first born. mammals would have
whiskers today.
What about creatures like whales, which have no
visible body hair? During the early stages of life,
several animals, including whales and dolphins, have
limited amounts of hair, while others keep wispy
patches of hair on their chins or top lips.
Mammary Glands
Mammary glands are modified and enlarged sweat glands
with ducts and glandular tissues that exude milk through
nipples. This milk delivers essential proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, and salts to children. Some
mammals, such as the platypus, secrete milk through
ducts in their abdomens.

Blue whale has the largest mammary glands on Earth

 Bismarck Masked Flying Fox
Dayak Fruit Bat

Males of the Dayak fruit bat and the Bismarck

masked flying fox are exceptions to this rule.
They have the ability to lactate, and they
occasionally assist in the nursing of young.
Single-Boned Lower Jaws

Mammalian lower jawbones are made up of a single

component that connects directly to the skull. This is called
the dentary and it houses the lower jaw's teeth. Mammals
have a forceful bite thanks to their single-pieced lower jaw
and the muscles that control it.

Dentary
Comparison of a Reptilian and a Mammalian Jaw
One-Tooth Time Replacement

Adult teeth are larger and stronger than those of newborn

and young mammals. Deciduous teeth fall off before
adulthood and are eventually replaced by a set of larger,
permanent teeth. Elephants, kangaroos, and manatees are
diphyodonts, while sharks, geckos, alligators, and crocodiles
are polyphydonts.
Diphyodont means "having two sets of Polyphyodont refers to animal
teeth" for life, like mammals such as dentitions that have an endless
humans, who have a deciduous succession of teeth, such as fish,
dentition (primary, milk, baby, sharks, frogs, crocodiles and geckos.
temporary) and a permanent dentition.
Three Bones in the Middle Ear

The incus, malleus and stapes are the only three inner ear
bones found in mammals. The tympanic membrane
transmits sound vibrations to the inner ear, where they
are converted into neural impulses and processed by the
brain. They originated from the lower jaw bone of
therapsids, "mammal-like reptiles" from the Paleozoic Era.
Warm-Blooded Metablosims

Endothermic (warm-blooded) metabolisms are seen in more

than just mammals. Cold-blooded creatures, such as
reptiles, have slower metabolisms than warm-blooded
animals. It's why cheetahs can run so fast, goats can scale
mountain peaks, and people can compose novels.
Diaphragm

Mammals have a diaphragm, a muscle in the chest that

expands and contracts the lungs. This means they can
breathe and use oxygen more efficiently. Their warm-
blooded metabolisms also allow them to exploit natural
habitats more fairer habitats.
 The diaphragm is the only organ which only and all
mammals have and without which no mammals can live.
In the figure, only the human, horse, dog, and cat have
the diaphragm.
Four-Chambered Hearts

Mammalian hearts pump blood, which

distributes oxygen and nutrients throughout the
body. Mammals' hearts are more efficient than
fish's or reptiles' or amphibian and
amphibian's or reptile's hearts.
A four-chambered heart separates oxygenated blood
coming from the lungs from the partially deoxygenated
blood that heading back to the lungs to be re-
oxygenated. This ensures that mammalian tissues only
receive oxygen-rich blood, allowing for more sustained
physical activity with fewer intervals of rest.
Evolutionary History of
Mammals
By: Mr. Jedidiah Manuel Padecio
Evolutionary History of Mammals

Mammals evolved from members of the reptilian order Therapsida

during the Triassic Period (approximately 252 million to 201
million years ago).The therapsids, members of the subclass
Synapsida (also known as mammalian-like reptiles; some refer to
them as "protomammals" or "stem mammals.")
Synapsida (also known as mammalian-like reptiles;
some refer to them as "protomammals" or "stem
mammals.")
Mammals evolved from
therapsids about in the
Mesozoic era (about
252 million to 66
million years ago).

 Therapsids has two groups:

Noncynodont therapsids and Cynodont therapsids

 Features of Therapsids
(Noncynodont and Cynodont Therapsids)
1.Carnivorous and herbivorous forms
2. Some may have lived in herds
3. Larger temporal fenestra for larger jaw muscles

4. More differentiated dentition

5. Slender Limbs
 -->

Cynodont lineage of
therapsids is the one that
gave rise to mammals.
CHANGES
1. Specialized heterodont dentition
2. Limbs for the improvement of their movement.
3. A secondary palate was discovered.
4. Temporal Musculature
5. Live Birth

Elephants have the longest

pregnancy of any mammal.
African elephants are
pregnant for an average of
22 months, whilst for Asian
elephants it's 18 to 22
months.
6. Mammalian Ear
7. Hair
History of Mammals

Class Mammalia - Late Triassic to Recent

Superorder Tricodonta - Late Triassic to Late Cretaceous
Superorder Multituberculata - Late Jurassic to Early Oligocene
Superorder Monotremata - Early Cretaceous to Recent
Superorder Metatheria (Marsupials) - Late Cretaceous to Recent
Superorder Eutheria (Placentals) - Late Cretaceous to Recent
Mammalian Phylogeny
By: Jetur C. Yama Jr.
Division of Mammals

Monotremes Marsupials Placentals

Subclass Subclass Subclass
Prototheria Metatheria EUtheria
Monotremes

1. Order Monotremata
- lay eggs
- have no nipples
- the young suck milk from pores or fur of mother
Examples: Echidna and Platypus
Marsupials

1. Order Marsupalia
- Brood pouch or marsupium present in female
- Double vagina and uterus
- Presence of auricle (pinna)
- Embryo completes development in pouch of mothers.
Examples: Kangaroo and Koala
Placentals (Eutherians)

1. Order Proboscidea
- long, muscular trunk
- thick, loose skin
- upper incisors elongated as tusks
Examples: African Elephant
Placentals (Eutherians)

2. Order Tubulidentata
- Slender tongue and protrusible
- teeth lack enamel and ears are long, erect and pointed
- teeth consisting of many thin tubes cemented together
- eats ants and termites
Example: Aardvark
Placentals (Eutherians)

3. Order Sirenia
- herbivorous aquatic mammals
- finlike forelimbs and no hind limbs
- phylogenetically related to ungulates
Example: Dugong and Manatee
Placentals (Eutherians)

4. Order Hyracoidea
- Short legs, Forelimbs with 4 fingers, Hindlimbs with 3 toes
- stumpy tail
- herbivorous
- complex multichambered heart
Example: Hyraxes
Placentals (Eutherians)
5. Order Afrosoricida
- small primitive mammals
- rely more on their senses of hearing, smell, and touch
than on vision
- nocturnal
-ear region of insectivores lacks an clossified bulla
Example: Tree Shrews
Placentals (Eutherians)

6. Order Maroscelidea
-Ground-dwelling insect eaters
-Long, flexible snouts, large eyes, and long tails
-Feed on ants, termites, roots, etc.
Example: Tree Shrews
Placentals (Eutherians)

7. Order Xenartha
- Additional joints of lumbar vertebrate
- Secondary scapular spine
- Ossified sternal ribs
- Fusion of the ischium to the anterior caudal vertebrate
Example: Armadillos and Anteaters
Placentals (Eutherians)

8. Order Rodentia
- Largest order, gnawing mammals
- Each jaw with one pair of incisors
- Gap between incisors and molars is called diastema

Example: Rat and Capybara

Placentals (Eutherians)

9. Order Lagomorpha
- Chisel-like incisors
- Hind legs longer than forelegs and adapted for running
and jumping
- Presence of diastema
Examples: Rabbit and Pica
Placentals (Eutherians)

10. Order Primates

- High intelligent quotient, forward-facing eyes
- Well-developed cerebral cortex
- Primarily arboreal
- Omnivorous
Example: Monkey and Humans
Placentals (Eutherians)

11. Order Dermoptera

- Lateral furry skin form patagium
- Nocturnal and hang-like bats
Example: Flying Lemur
Placentals (Eutherians)

12. Order Scandentia

- Possess different auditory bullae and zygomatic arches
- Squirrel-like external shape in size
- Have a well-developed and complete postorbital bar
Example: Tree Shrews
Placentals (Eutherians)

13. Order Carnivora

- Predatory flesh eating mammals with large canines
- Claws are well developed
- Mammae are abdominal
Divided into two suborders: Fissipedia and Pinnipedia

Fissipedia (Terrestrial forms): Lion Pinnipedia (Marine forms): Seal

Placentals (Eutherians)

14. Order Cetartiodactyla

- Even toed (2 to 4) hoofed animals (unugulates)
- Complex stomach (4 chambered)
- Ruminants except pigs
- Herbivorous
Example: Sheep, Pigs, Giraffe
Placentals (Eutherians)

15. Order Perissodactyla

- Hooves with an odd number of toes on each foot
- Herbivorous
- Unguligrades
- Simple stomach
Example: Zebra and Rhinoceros
Placentals (Eutherians)

16. Order Chiroptera

- Flying mammals, nocturnal, large pinnae
- Limbs are with patagium (folds of skin)
- Sternum with keel for attachment of flight muscles
- Capable of echolocation
Example: Pteropus (Flying Fox)
Placentals (Eutherians)

17. Order Eulipotyphla

- Have long, pointed snouts; lots of sharp teeth; small ears;
and small eyes.
- Diet consists of mainly of insects and other small
invertebrates
Example: Star-Nosed Mole and Shrew
Placentals (Eutherians)

18. Order Pholidota

- Body covered with large horny scales
- No teeth
- Long tounge and protrusible for capturing insects
Example: Pangolin h
Characters:
Warm-Blooded Metabolisms
Four-Chambered Hearts
Diaphragm
Hair and Fur
Three bones in the middle
ear
Mammary Glands
Single-boned lower jaws
Characters:
1.Egg-laying
2.Lack Nipples
3.Ears without pinna
4.Lack Placenta

Characters:
1.Ears with pinna
2.Presence of placenta
3.Abdominal nipples

Characters:
1.Have marsupium (brood pouch)
2.Simple placenta

Characters:
1.Have a true and complex placenta
2.Thoracic nipples
3.Presence of Corpus callosum
Characters:
1.High vertebral counts
2.Shape of ankle bones
3.Long and mobile snouts

Characters:
1.Loss or simplification of dentition

Characters:
1.Single-color vision and rigid axial
skeleton
2.Extra articulations on vertebral joints
and extra zygopophysis-like articulation

Characters:
1.Cross-sectional stremgth of limb
bones

Characters:
1.Presence of diastema
2. Plantigrades
Characters:
1.Mesaxonic or Paraxonic foot
structure
Thankyou